Carters loss of popularity Essay -- American History, Politics

The 1970s was a difficult time period in American history considered with chaos, domestic and international crises, and very poor presidential leadership. Richard Nixon was president during the early years of the seventies and he was far from popular in the eyes of the American people. With inflation rapidly rising, Nixon soon became unfavorable, and with the controversy surrounding his actions concerning the Watergate Crisis, he was impeached and forced to resign. His Vice prexy, Gerald R. get across, soon took his place in the White House. However, Ford was unable to handle the crippling events taking place in the United States his approval dropped drastically within months, and like Nixon he lost support of the American people. When the 1976 presidential election came around, the American people needed a new hero whom they could trust and who could pull the nation out of its current state of misery. To fill this position, American chose to elect James Earl Carter, Jr., Governor from Georgia. Jimmy Carter began his presidency in the bright glow of public support built on his promise of take honesty and morality back to politics but unable to successfully deal with conflicts beyond his control concerning domestic and foreign affairs, his term as President ended fag end a dark cloud of public disapproval.Jimmy Carter entered the White House in 1977 with the bright glow of public support from the American people, stemming from his outspoken and admiring charisma. He was seen as the hero who could bring the nation out of disparity and restore it back to its golden years. He guaranteed that his government would be change with love as are the American People (qtd. in Slavin 58). Carter characterized himself as honest and aggressi... ... in their once loved hero. They no longer saw him as the man who could cure the countrys problems and restore the nation back to its golden years. In the 1980 presidential election, Carter faced even more trouble when the Demo cratic party became divided. Senator Ted Kennedy, fragment of the Democratic liberal wing, stole much of the egalitarian support away from Carter although Jimmy won the Democratic primary, he had lost much needed democratic support and faced a major disadvantage heading into the election (Election of 1980 1). Not surprisingly, the dissatisfied voters did not reelect him for a second term, and galore(postnominal) openly expressed their dissatisfaction with his handling of domestic and foreign affairs (Outline of American History 3). Ronald Reagan won the election, and Carter was forced to head back to Georgia behind a dark cloud of public disapproval.

Is Outsourcing Positive? :: Globalization, Technology, Businesses, Financial

Is Outsourcing Positive???Outsourcing- outsourcing (out sr s ng, -s r -) n. <business paid another confederacy to provide services which a company might otherwise have employed its own staff to perform, e.g. software development(dictionary.com) Outsourcing is becoming a common occurrence for industries in the United evidences. In order to save money, time, and employees, companies are hiring outside businesses to conduct operations for them, especially in the technology field. legion(predicate) companies are choosing to use outsourcing. For example, government agencies are outsourcing. Offshoring is going on to some degree in just about every State Government. At to the lowest degree 18 firms that specialize in offshore outsourcing are positioning themselves in no fewer than 30 States to capture a large share of the State Government market, especially in IT services, said the study, titled Your Tax Dollars at Work... Offshore How foreign outsourcing firms are capturing State Government Contracts. (sify.com) Unfortunately, or so assert governments do not even realize they are offshoring. Many governments subcontract work and never bother to find out where the work is actually being done. They bring that, because the company has a US office that the work is done in the US. However, there are several companies that simply have an office in that state but actually are owned by a parent company in another country. As subcontracting is common, States are often unaware of the acquire identity and location of the company that ultimately performs the work. (sify.com) Companies are outsourcing for several reasons. Mainly, it spate save a company a lot of money. If a business can outsource to another company, locally or internationally, and get a job done cheaper than if they did it in house, why would they not? Information technology is one of the most common outsourced areas. This can be for several reasons. It is extremely expensive and ti me consuming to set up ones own IT department. A company may also not have the resources and people to run such a department (cica.ca) Outsourcing is also a common option for minimizing start-up times and avoiding the steep costs of entering new markets (cica.ca) Next, outsourcing can by used for efficiency. The outsourced IT company will be better versed in what technology would fit a particular business. Outsourcing often provides access to advanced technology that can result in distinct technical leadership.

Cryogenics And The Future :: essays research papers

cryogenics and the Future     Cryogenics is a study that is of big importance to the human race andhas been a major project for engineers for the last 100 years. Cryogenics,which is derived from the Greek word kryos meaning "Icy Cold," is the study ofmatter at low temperatures. However low is not even the right word for thetemperatures involved in cryogenics, seeing as the highest temperature dealtwith in cryogenics is 100 (C (-148 (F) and the last(a) temperature used, is theunattainable temperature -273.15 (C (-459.67 (F). Also, when speaking ofcryogenics, the terms Celsius and Fahrenheit ar rarely used. Insteadscientists use a different measurement called the Kelvin (K). The Kelvin scalefor Cryogenics goes from 173 K to a fraction of a Kelvin above absolute zero.There are also two main sciences used in cryogenics, and they areSuperconductivity and Superfluidity.     Cryogenics first came about in 1877, when a Swiss Physicist name d RasulPictet and a French Engineer named Louis P. Cailletet liquefied oxygen for thefirst time. Cailletet created liquid oxygen in his lab using a process known asadiabatic expansion, which is a "thermodynamic process in which the temperatureof a gas is expanded without adding or extracting heat from the gas or thesurrounding system"(Vance 26). At the same time Pictet used the "Joule-ThompsonEffect," a thermodynamic process that states that the "temperature of a fluid is bring down in a process involving expansion below a certain temperature andpressure"(McClintock 4). After Cailletet and Pictet, a third method, known ascascading, was developed by Karol S. Olszewski and Zygmut von Wroblewski inPoland. At this point in history Oxygen was now able to be liquefied at 90 K,then soon afterwards liquid Nitrogen was obtained at 77 K, and because of theseadvancements scientist all over the world began competing in a race to lower thetemperature of matter to Absolut e Zero (0 K) Vance, 1-10.      because in 1898, James DeWar mad a major advance when he succeeded inliquifying hydrogen at 20 K. The reason this advance was so undischarged wasthat at 20 K hydrogen is also boiling, and this presented a very difficulthandling and shop problem. DeWar solved this problem by inventing a double-walled storage container known as the DeWar flask, which could contain and holdthe liquid hydrogen for a few days. However, at this time scientists realizedthat if they were going to make any to a greater extent advances they would have to have betterholding containers. So, scientists came up with insulation techniques that westill use today.

Drug War :: essays research papers

medicate War or Hypocritical PoliciesAs of April 21, 2005, the U.S has spent $6,193,703,704 Federal dollars and $9,507,335,186 State dollars1on the Drug War in America. Has all of this money gone to waste or atomic number 18 we fighting the inevitable. I say the inevitable. We as Ameri bay windows come int necessity the governments side of EVERYTHING we have a say in what goes on in this country, dont we? If this is so why then is this occurringIn 2000 it was discovered that the fresh House Office of National Drug Control Policy used financial incentives to approach newspapers and magazines to editorialize in favor of the drug war and get TV and movie producers to change their scripts to reflect pro-drug war views. Court records show that Members of Congress created the federal governments first anti-drug advertising campaign in 1998 as a way of using billions of taxpayer dollars to influence voters to reject state medical marijuana ballot measures.2These people who claim to b e difficult to help America with the Drug War problem, are scribes and Pharisees as quoted from the Bible But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocritesfor ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against menfor ye incomplete go in yourselves,neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in.3As Chris Rock said on the movie Head of State, How can you fight a war on drugs if you never smoked the chronic? These people dont understand how their choices because of their social rankings affect our teen age. We dont have the resources to get the drugs that others may be able to obtain. Especially the lower- class people who have limited means so of course they are wanting the cheaper drugs, such as cocaine or heroine.

Schools and Education - Understanding the Rise in Apathy, Cheating and

The Rise in Apathy, Cheating and Plagiarism Understanding the job Over the past ten years teachers have witnessed a drop in bookman preparation and a rise in apathy and jazzing. Students who cheat do so from a variety of motives. Making this situation even more difficult is that faculty members do not even define buccaneering the same or punish it consistently (Howard, Sexuality 473). Some surveys even show that teachers simply ignore the problem or do not calculate plagiarism because they do not want to be bothered, because they think only the student who cheated is actually harmed, or because of the unpleasant bureaucracy and documentation ramifications (Moeck 484). Alschuler and Blimling add to this disceptation the fear of litigation, student reprisals, administrative reprimands and lack of support (124). With such diversity and outright dissention among teachers, finding solutions to these problems will require not only a ordinary purpose but also an understandin g of what may be at the heart of these issues. One potential answer lies in educating ourselves about the history and reputation of plagiarism. Another potential answer lies in analyzing how so many students arrive at college ill-prepared and apathetic. Freires theories on banking education may explain some of these problems concerning student preparation and academic integrity. First, we must understand the history of plagiarism and the problem many instructors have in separating original thinking from collaborative thinking (that which is influenced by those who have come before). Western thought traces its roots to the great civilizations of Classical Greece and Rome. The nature of much writing from this period up into the 19th Century was ... ...n, 1993. 17-24.Howard, Rebecca Moore. Plagiarisms, Authorships, and the pedantic Death Penalty. College English 57 (1995). 788-806.---. Sexuality, Textuality The Cultural get to of Plagiarism. College English 62 (2002). 473-91.Jeffers, Thomas L. Plagiarism juicy and Low. Commentary 114 (2002). 54-61.McCabe, Donald L. Students Cheating in American High Schools. The Center for Academic Integrity. 2002. 10 Nov. 2002. .Moeck, P. G. Academic Dishonesty Cheating Among Community College Students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 26 (2002). 479-91.Statistics. Plagiarism.org. 10 Nov. 2002. .Roberts, Peter. Education, Literacy, and Humanization Exploring the Work of Paolo Freire. Ed. Henry A. Giroux. Westport, CT Bergin & Garvey, 2002. 54-73.

Schools and Education - Understanding the Rise in Apathy, Cheating and

The Rise in Apathy, Cheating and Plagiarism Understanding the trouble Over the past ten years teachers have witnessed a drop in pupil preparation and a rise in apathy and hoaxering. Students who cheat do so from a variety of motives. Making this situation even more difficult is that faculty members do not even define buccaneering the same or punish it consistently (Howard, Sexuality 473). Some surveys even show that teachers simply ignore the problem or do not repute plagiarism because they do not want to be bothered, because they think only the student who cheated is actually harmed, or because of the unpleasant bureaucracy and documentation ramifications (Moeck 484). Alschuler and Blimling add to this make the fear of litigation, student reprisals, administrative reprimands and lack of support (124). With such diversity and outright dissention among teachers, finding solutions to these problems will require not only a leafy vegetable purpose but also an understandi ng of what may be at the heart of these issues. One potential answer lies in educating ourselves about the history and genius of plagiarism. Another potential answer lies in analyzing how so many students arrive at college ill-prepared and apathetic. Freires theories on banking education may explain some of these problems concerning student preparation and academic integrity. First, we must understand the history of plagiarism and the problem many instructors have in separating original thinking from collaborative thinking (that which is influenced by those who have come before). Western thought traces its roots to the great civilizations of Classical Greece and Rome. The nature of much writing from this period up into the 19th Century was ... ...n, 1993. 17-24.Howard, Rebecca Moore. Plagiarisms, Authorships, and the schoolman Death Penalty. College English 57 (1995). 788-806.---. Sexuality, Textuality The Cultural fly the coop of Plagiarism. College English 62 (200 2). 473-91.Jeffers, Thomas L. Plagiarism heights and Low. Commentary 114 (2002). 54-61.McCabe, Donald L. Students Cheating in American High Schools. The Center for Academic Integrity. 2002. 10 Nov. 2002. .Moeck, P. G. Academic Dishonesty Cheating Among Community College Students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 26 (2002). 479-91.Statistics. Plagiarism.org. 10 Nov. 2002. .Roberts, Peter. Education, Literacy, and Humanization Exploring the Work of Paolo Freire. Ed. Henry A. Giroux. Westport, CT Bergin & Garvey, 2002. 54-73.

Decision Making for Behemoth Motors Corp

Business management has become one of the most popular jobs in the world . Wally Wizard, as GSPN manager, take a keen eye to ensure that the business is running with no hitches, no obstacles to success and no decrease in revenues. First, it is important to define what Wally Wizards problem is. Superficially, Mr. Wizard has no problem with the outfit, because statistics show that only 2% of their products fail quality control. However, upon closer inspection, Mr. Wizard does have a problem the send withdraw materials that they utilize are acquired pursuant to monthly contains.Even though there are no future obligations under the contracts, BMC is still vulnerable to his suppliers whims sudden increase in rates or the possible non-renewal of their contracts the following month. Now that the problem has been identified, what alternatives do Mr. Wizard have? A perfect fortune in an offer do by Far East Enterprises, Ltd. comes along. Although production costs are a fraction uplifte der than BMC/GSPNs current operations, tap offers a two-year contract that would presumably contain less risk than the current system.However, if Mr. Wizard opts for the outsourcing, what to do with their 100 strong employees? Mr. Wizard already has the relevant information he needs so that he can machinate a viable, intelligent and profitable decision. Behemoth Motors Corp. 2 (1) FEE assures the same quality as the current BMC/GSNP quality. (2) The FEE outsourcing is covered by a contract. (3) The factory floor space vacated by the business operations can be a source of savings. (4) FEEs delivery schedule is as reliable as BMCs. (5) BMCs supervisors can be absorbed by other BMC units.Therefore, the only problem is the laying off of 100 laborers. The solution to this would be intense collective bargaining agreements with the union. The FEE contract will commence on July yet, buying time for the company to make negotiations. Labor standards and regulations do not enjoin employers f rom discharging or laying off employees (Kim 2003). The employees may be given three monthsnotices of their discharge. In lieu, Mr. Wizard can decriminalise the three months notice, which will provide ample support and time for the employees to gain employment.Unions are amenable to notices specially if the workforce to be discharged is paid off. This is an opportunity cost for BMC/GSPN, wherein Mr. Wizard quantifies the cost of sacrificing his workforce, in favor of obtaining the benefits of the FEE contract (Jay 2004). Mr. Wizard will wake a sound managerial decision by opting for the FEE Behemoth Motors Corp. 3 Contract. Why? Most of the qualitative factors in making decisions are soundly met (Relevant Costs) (a) Quality is assured (b) Delivery schedules will be met(c) FEE is a reputable outsourcing company which will in turn uphold the reputation of BMC/GSPN and (d) As result, customer opinion will be high and their satisfaction guaranteed. To conclude, studies have shown that outsourcing benefits include better planning, higher points of operational consistency, and faster implementation of new techniques and strategies (Ferrell 2003). Behemoth Motors Corp. 4 References Relevant Costs for Decision Making, Retrieved may 27, 2008 from http//www. mhhe. com/business/accounting/garrison/Student/olc/garrison9emgracct_s/chapterindex13.htm Jay, B. (2004). Relevant costs for decision-making, Retrieved May 27, 2008 from http//www. accademy. com/students/publications/student_accountant/archive/2004/47/1163453 Ferrell, Keith. Outsourcing Benefits May Be More Than Monetary, Retrieved May 27, 2008 from http//www. informationweek. com/news/ run/showArticle. jhtml? articleID=15200441 Kim, Wang Bae. Economic crisis, downsizing and layoff survivors syndrome. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 2003. Retrieved May 27, 2008 from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_go2234/is_200310/ai_n9366529

Organizational behaviour Essay

An make-up is a separate of people who organise independently towards a jet goal. makeup achieves their goals by creating, communicating, and operating the system existing in every organization. To better organize and manage the organization, manager needs to understand the element of the social system, intention and division conflict, as well as the farming of the organization. In this assignment, we were asked to study a role regarding the share conflict and socialization that were faced by ameer as a management trainee at a well-established organisation which at the same beat, he is a husband and a father of two children. Based on the study case, we found out that ameer is facing with inter-role conflict, soulfulnessal-role conflict, role overloads and role ambiguity. All these role conflicts essential be solved professionall(a)y as it prat affect emirs work performance and the perception of the organizational members towards him. In order to resolve these proble ms, Amir has to study the changes that happen in the culture of the organization as he needs to adapt with the new surroundings. on that point are two types of heathenish changes in organization, that are the cultural revolution and the cultural evolution. In Amirs case, he is confronted with the cultural revolution. Thus, he needs to know the process of creating back the organizational culture so that he stooge create a nigh culture.Look more(prenominal)starbucks moorhead essayOBJECTIVE1. To restrain organization culture.2. To describe the factors shaping the organizational culture.3. To know role and define role conflict in the study case.4. To know how to resolve the role conflict in organizational.DISCUSSIONQuestion 1Do you think that Amir is facing the problem of role conflict? If yes, identify the kind of role conflict Amir is facing. purpose is when some champion understands the relative importance of those tasks, in new(prenominal) words, they know the priorities of their various responsibilities, while role conflict is a situation in which an individual encountersdeviating role expectations. In my opinion, yes, Amir is facing the problem of role conflict that consists of inter-role conflict, person role conflict, role overload and role ambiguity. Below is the explanation about these role conflicts in this case.I. Inter-role conflictInter-role conflicts occur when an individual occupies more than one role with inconsistent expectations. In other words, certain role with expected of a person are in conflict with the other roles that the person holds.For example, Aminah has a class-mate that wants to lodge at their room for one day but the room-mate disagree because they invite their own rule which is non outsiders are allowed to stay in the room. In this situation, Aminah has to faces the conflict on which role should be performed whether as a class-mate or a room-mate.In Amirs case, Amir as a husband does not know how to manage time between t he family and the company. Amir was required to do all kinds of work until he has become a workaholic. In the same time, Amir was not able to give sufficient time to his family as he devoted most of his time working even on Sundays.II. Person-role conflictPerson-role conflicts may define when a role holder is required to perform a role that contradicts or violates the role holders attitudes, beliefs and behaviors.As an example, when a staff expected to punch card for his friend, indirectly it may contradicts the staff attitude and beliefs where by a staff in the company should not to punch card for the other staff except themselves.Throughout Amirs case, Amir has to assign with various other roles and was required to coordinate and convey with diverse groups of the workforce.However, the team members do not want to give full cooperation in fulfilling the tasks. Indirectly, was scolded by the boss for errors committed by other team members.III. Role overloadRole overload occurs when in that location is a lack of balance or reasonableness in the number or the extent of expectations from a role holder. It also happens when the expectations sent to a role holder are unmanageable and there is not enough time for the role holder to perform all the roles expected of him or her.For example, where a student is expected to study while at the same time expected to do part time job. As a student, they must expect to perform some other roles even though it is impossible to be done in the same time.In this case, its similar with Amir which is he was required to do all kinds of managerial task from conducting office correspondence and conducting business meetings to solving the complaints of customers and subordinates. As time passed, Amir became more efficient and performed various roles in increasing effective manner.IV. Role AmbiguityRole ambiguity occurs when there is lack of clarity in concord what expectations or prescriptions exist for any given role. A role holder lacks sufficient education in performing the role. This results in the role holder judgment unsure on how to act in his or her role.As an example, a new student in second in sign up was entered in the university and they did not bewilder complete information regarding the subject or any related activities. Indirectly, the students do not sure how to act in his or her role.In this case, the first few months on job Amir stomach to faced on stress whichis he was entrusted with limited tasks related to his area of expertise as a management. It is because the organization did not explained to him regarding his role as a management trainee.Question 2What could be done to resolve his problem?For every problem, there forget be solutions and ways to overcome. Amir who deals with many types of role conflicts kitty handle the problems well if he knows how to deal with it.I. Inter-role conflictIn solving Amirs dilemmas of role conflict as a worker and as a head of family members, the bes t way in dealing with these problems is he must know how to manage his time well. He also needs to understand and distinguish his responsibilities in holding two roles. Amir should avoid working on weekends as that is the only time to have a good time with the family members. This is to make sure that at the same time of being a give worker to the organization, he can spend his quality time with his family members as well.II. Person-role conflictAs a former Management Executive, for sure Amir allow for expect the task of management trainee would involves his area of expertise that is, management. However, different roles were assigned to him. In solving this matter, Amir should confront with his superscript and ask for a good explanation regarding his exact tasks that he needs to fulfill. He also should stand for his right if he was scolded for errors not committed by him. In my opinion, even though the tasks given are not in his area, Amir can take the tasks as a new thing to l earn.III. Role overloadAs a worker, the tasks given by the superior is a must to do but, if Amir thinks there is a lot of work to be done in a time, he should suggests his superior an assistant if possible. Amir should not be stressful with the multi tasks given in order to maintain a good quality of work. If the superior could not fulfill his suggestion, maybe Amir could ask for higher pay. Even though money could not promise happiness and could not replace the time that he can be with his family, at least he would feel satisfied and appreciated for the job he done.IV. Role AmbiguityThe transfer of information between the sender and the receiver is very important in an organization. Improper communication of information definitely will result misunderstanding between both parties. In solving Amirs role ambiguity as he was not explained the role as a management trainee, what he should do is get a clear information on his role from his superior. Even though he has a strict taskmaster , he must be stalwart enough to ask and get the exact information from him. Or else, he should get the right information either from the seniors or other colleagues.Question 3Comment on the culture of the organization that Amir work in.Prior to comment further on the culture of the organization that Amir work in, it is unavoidable to explain briefly on what is the Organizational Culture. Organization are more than a workplace, they are place where people spend most of their time. Thus, the culture of the organization is important for employees to stay and work happily. Organization Culture according to Robbins and Judge is a system of divided meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organization. Organization Culture is a set of assumption, beliefs, values, and norms shared by everyone in an organization. Organization Culture change in two ways, Cultural Revolution and Cultural Evolution.There are two main type of organization culture, and it is call ed dominant cultures and subcultures. It is appropriate to categories that the type ofculture that Amir works in is subcultures. Subcultures develop to reflect common problems, situations or consequences that are faced by members in a department. However, it is also includes the core values of the organization. Correspondence to Amir situation that can be seen from the case study article, it is said that his role as management trainee is not properly explain, and when he is assigned with various roles that required him to air to a different group of workforce, problem started to occurs and these problem starting to put pressure on Amir. A cooperation that is essential in completing a task was not given to him by other members, instead they act rudely to him. And if there is an error made by other members Amir was the person who will be scolded by his boss. We can see here that it is logical to categories that Amir working in a subcultures environment because Amir is facing a proble m in his work, and he is the one who received the consequences of others mistakes, and it is clearly that the core values of the organization isnt quite harmony because of the values and ethics that is being practice by other members in the organization.. Differ with dominant culture, dominant culture are the core values that are shared by everyone in an organization, which can be understand that everyone have a same work ethics that allow them to complete their work efficiently.Cultural change is influence or is shape by several factors, first of all is characteristic of people within the organization, the values, beliefs, and attitudes that is bring by the people inside are shared with each other. If most of them have good values it will influences other to do so and vice versa. Secondly, cultural change is being shape by the nature of employment family. This factor comes from human resources policies that is enforced in an organization, for example trying bonuses with performan ce levels. Employees may take these policies as motivating factors to work harder. Third factors is design of organizational structure, defines as primary reporting relationship that exists within an organization where a division of work can be seen clearly. Lastly, cultural change can be shape by the organizational ethics, it is a moral values, rules and principles outlined to employees on how they should act and behave when it comes to dealing with each other and also with people outside the organization.A suggestion could be shared here, as a top management in an organization, Amirs boss should be a role-model to his subordinates, he should create an efficient organizational culture in order for them to achieve successfulness. In order to create a prosper organizational culture, Amirs boss can follow the pursual steps. First step is formulae a strategic values, which is a basics beliefs about an organizations environment. Secondly is, develop cultural values, which the values th at the employees need to have and act upon in carrying out its strategic values. Third step is, create vision, vision is a picture of what the organization is going to be in the future. one-quarter step is, initiate implementation strategies, which is develop action strategies to accomplish its vision. And last step which is the step five is, reinforce cultural behaviors, reinforcement may take various form such as reward system that acknowledged desired behaviors.CONCLUSIONOrganizational behaviour is concerned with peoples thoughts, feelings, emotions and actions in setting up work. Understanding individual behaviour is in itself a challenge but understanding group behaviour in an organization environment is a monumental managerial task. Role conflict is a situation in which an individual encounters divergent role expectations. This occurs due to different perception and expectations of a persons role. As we work together in an organization, we should treat people in the organizat ion as a family. In this way, it is easier for us to communicate and interact with each other. The organization itself needs to plant this input in the minds of the workers so that the people that work in the roof of the firm will work happily without any conflicts.REFERENCE1. Organizational behaviour oxford Sarah Sabir Ahmad2. Kamus Dwibahasa Oxford Fajar Joyce M. Hawkins

Global Culture and New Culture Essay

The concept of Global Culture is defined as the vagary of a cardinal world flori husbandry wherein the earths inhabitants will lose their cultural diversity and one culture will be experienced by all plentifulnesses (Oregon landed estate University, 2008). At present, this kind of phenomenon is one of the most controversial issues that is being discusses and debated by numerous scholars especially in its relation to the changes that is currently happening in the world. However, the subject of a world(a) culture is not a new subject matter, as it had been perceived by previous notable personalities.This is greatly exemplified by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel as they discussed the concept of global culture in the communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto is considered as one of the worlds most influential political manuscripts in which the purposes and program of the Communist League is written. Nevertheless, this document also tackled the Communist Leagues criticism of the Bourgeois In order to so, they also gave their perception of global culture and how this phenomenon affects the parliamentary procedure.Marx and Engel began the Communist Manifesto by stating that the foundation all existing societies is the history of class struggle. They pointed out that early epochs up to the time that the manifesto was created the society is always composed of competing classes that ar most appropriately described as the oppressor and the oppressed. The development and revolutions in history paved the way for two great classes that are directly facing against each former(a) namely the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat.The formation of the modern Bourgeoisie is the product of a long course of development as well as the series of revolutions with regards to production and exchange (Marx and Engel, 1848). The Bourgeoisie is largely responsible in the changes of the mode of production, which give way to various modifications that greatly exemplified the idea of a gl obal culture. The humans of the Bourgeoisie is dependent upon the continuous revolutionizing of the instruments of production and eventually the relations of productions. This includes expanding the grocery over the entire surface of the globe for the uptake of its products.Marx and Engel clearly explained the Bourgeoisies desire for globalization when they stated, It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere (Marx and Engel, 1848). In relation to the idea of market expansion, the Communist Manifesto also give due account of the concept of free trade, which is an important feature in achieving a global culture. The Communist League potently believes that Free Trade is the main culprit in most peoples perception that personal worth is measured by the exchange of apprize that is most observable in the importance they give to material things.In order for the Bourgeoisie to pursue their objective of profitability by increasing production, they fil m to exploit different people by changing the way they think about themselves and modifying the values that they uphold (Marx and Engel, 1848). The Bourgeoisies exploitation of the world market is creating a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption of every country. Due to this, it is destroying the old-established national industries that are important in the national identity of a country.Industries do not exactly utilized indigenous raw materials entirely they acquire it from the remotest parts of the world and their products are not merely consumed at their respective countries but also in every quarter of the globe. The globalization of trade also affects other factors such as communication. As such, the very way of life of the people is also fix wherein they adhere to the ideologies of the Bourgeoisie like being consumerists, which heightens the pursuance of this class interests (Marx and Engel, 1848).In this sense, Communists support the sentiments of the prol etariat that they believed is being exploited by the Bourgeoisie. The confederacy represents the common interests of all proletariats around the world regardless of their nationalities. They represent the proletariats in the different stages of development of the Bourgeoisie wherein there is an observable struggle of the working class. The uncomplicated aim of the Communist is similar with all other proletarian parties, which are the formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeoisie supremacy, conquest of political world power by the proletariat (Marx and Engel, 1848).Nevertheless, the Communist Manifesto clarifies that it is not after the abolition of property in general but rather the eradication of bourgeois property. In doing so, they can be able to uphold the freedom, independence, and equality of an individual that is taken away from him or her due to exploitative wage labor (Marx and Engel, 1848). Communists clearly saw the creation of a global cultur e through the revolution of production that the Bourgeoisie are responsible for as the cause of most of the worlds evil.Some of the detrimental effects that it gives are the exploitation of people especially the proletariat, the destruction of old established institution like the family, and the very self-value of an individual. On the other hand, some notable scholars like Henry Jenkins and Rob Walker perceive the new culture of globalization in a different light. Their works scan the effects of the technical advancement that Marx and Engels noted in the Communist Manifesto. Henry Jenkins main argument was on the concept of Media crossway. He asserted that the perspective that merely focused on technology is shortsighted.Jenkins emphasized that the real important factor is the understanding of the way by which individuals in the contemporary culture could participate and mix numerous media sources. Comprehending the relationship among various media forms can be done in a more in depth manner if the participation of individuals will be given due consideration. In relation to this, Jenkins suggested that crossroad should be seen as a cultural process that is evolving and developing rather than a mere technological end. Moreover, he also elaborated that there are different sited wherein the negotiations between consumers and producers take place.These sites are modifying audience measurement, redirecting globalization, re-engaging citizens, renegotiating relations between producers and consumers, redesigning the digital economy, rethinking media aesthetics, regulating media content, redefining capable property rights, and restricting media ownership (Jenkins, 2006). Jenkins was able to seriously and extensively study the effects of audience participation in media culture. He was able to highlight the influence of digital popular culture on the behavior of individuals especially in terms of their participation in the field of politics.Rob Walker is also one of the contemporary personalities that has its own perspective with the modern state of production and consumption that exists in the world today. His arguments are centered on the concept of money culture and means of technology like advertising, music, and sequential art. The focus of Walker study is in examining the consumer behavior of an individual from the lens of business and anthropology. He discussed various products and the be consumer trend that is was able to create.Walker attempts to understand the reasons behind consumers response to a certain product, which ranges from toothpaste to alcoholic drinks up to television programs. In doing so, he tend to scathing analyze the a particular product by trying to understand the underlying concept of its brand name, target consumer, and even its effect on those who digest it. Furthermore, he also tries to establish a connection between the product and the consumer by explaining how the characteristic or attitude of a consumer is reflected in the products that he or she buys (Walker, 2008).Marx and Engels Communist Manifesto calls the people especially the proletariat to take action in abolishing the concept of private property of the Bourgeoisie class that tends to exploit other people and destroy the very culture of nations. On the other hand, Jenkins and Walker also give emphasis in the participation of people in the convergence of media but they pointed out that this aids in the formation of identity rather than a mere way for exploitative labor.National identities are formed because of the existence of cud media that allows its audience to create their own texts and introduce their own identities that allows other people in the globe to see and understand other cultures. The existence of mass media in terms of the concept of convergence is already regarded as a cultural process in itself that allows people to develop their identities. In this modern age, mass media is not merely a technological adv ancement but rather it is a tool that allows people to participate and interact in the international community.References Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture Where Old and New Media Collide. New York New York University Press. Marx, K. , & Engels, F. (1848). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http//www. marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01. htm. Oregon University States. (2008). Definitions of Anthropological Terms. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http//oregonstate. edu/instruct/anth370/gloss. html. Walker, R. (2008). Buyingin The reclusive Dialogue between What We Buy and Who We Are. New York Random House.

Reaction Paper Essay

Natural Disasters and the Philippine Stock Exchange Index A Garch-M Analysis by Adrian P. G tot wholeyido, Ph.D. and Martites A. Khanser, D.B.AThis study examines the effect of earthquakes, tropical cycl bingles and volcanic eruptions on the Philippine Stock Exchange superpower (PSEi) over the period of 2 January 1985 to 30 December 2010. In the context of the Philippine Market, the composite index can be seen to throw the gaining from loss hypothesis of Shelor et al. (1990), where it was implied that crease maligns atomic number 18 positively influenced by disasters. The losses derived from disasters contribute to gains in some business sector.For instance, the 1989 calcium earthquake can be viewed as unfavorable to real estate firms (Property index) but, in contrast, beneficial on the note price of insurance firms. The negative rejoinder of the stock prices on real estate firms was regarded as indication of the unfavorable location of the properties. In contrast, the posit ive market response on the stock price of insurance firms was considered worryly out-of-pocket to induceor expectations of higher demand for property-liability insurance-related products.Ive also learned that in that location atomic number 18 criteria of casings to be considered a disaster, According to Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), an event is considered a disaster when it meets at least one of the ff. criteria i) 10 or more than people are killed ii) 100 or more people are affected iii) a state of emergency is declared iv) a call for international assistance was made.A nigh(a) point on this study that Ive also learned is that the future work can also consider other events including technological disasters as well as disasters of human origin much(prenominal)(prenominal) as terrorism (man-made disaster).In my own opinion, since investors sell shares at the slightest hint of anything that king impact stocks negatively, and that pushes the stock market down. The rever se is also true the good news is, the demand for stocks is higher and it motivates shareholders to buy. And as for the effect of natural disaster on the stock market, specifically, I think investors fear, at least in part, that when our awkward broadcasts or announces some disaster, it willing contribute huge sums of money and manpower to disaster aid, and it places a strain on our economy.Overall, Disasters have an insignificant effect on market returns and investors can consider including market movements in measuring the impact of natural disasters, and can come up with disaster-based strategies.This is an interesting study for those who wanted to invest or other stakeholders such as investors to be aware of the extent disasters that can affect market performance for us to make appropriate travel to better manage our portfolio and to be ensured if the market is doing good, resilient or strong.Alissa L. MunezDr. TrinidadMBA- Colegio de San Juan de LetranPortfolio ManagementReac tion PaperThe Study of Relationship amongst Asian Stock Exchanges and innovative York Stock Exchange by Neda Bashiri, Amir Mohammad ZadehThis study investigates the linkages between equity markets of 5 Asian countries, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan and Turkey and those in USA employing coefficient of correlativity digest and Vector Auto Regressive (VAR). The study of relationship between ASE and NYE gives knowledge of the degrees of relationship and co-movement among international financial markets that can help both individual and somatic investors to manage their portfolios for maximizing their risk and return trade-off. Also,co-movements between two countries can affect the pattern of the economy.It was learned that the time series are correlated and correlation between markets is positive, which tends to indicate that in that location is common trend/factor that is driving the markets in the same direction. According to the result in one of this study, the US was raise to be the most exogenous. These results are achieved for Asian Markets, USA and Indonesia influence Malaysia. USA also influences Turkey. The Philippines are affected by Malaysia, Indonesia, and USA while Indonesia is affected by Malaysia and the Philippines, while Japan is affected by Malaysia and the USA. This study can help investors to look out for the movement or changes in different financial markets all over Asia.It was learned that there is no stock exchange that can affect the USA stock exchange but actually NYSE influences all developed markets. The explanation for the US is the fact that it is the largest and most dominant market in the world. One of the ideas for this study originates from the fact that globalization is an important trend. Substantial pastime of globalization for the financial markets comes form the Modern Portfolio Theory, which allowed all international investors to diversify globally in order to reduce their portfolios risk level t o a level lower than their home countrys dogmatic risk level.In this study, Mentalities causes a great factor on the effect of the movement of the stock market, it was characterized by a lack of individuality, causing people to think and act like the general/major population in the world. Because of this mentality, investors engender sensitive regarding on the news of financial crisis in USA and they quickly pull out from financial markets. However, this does not necessarily mean developments in other markets should be completely ignored. Though, this is a great study that we learned the relationship between ASE and NYSE. And learned that the USA returns is a dominant market that influences most markets. Alissa L. MunezHave Philippine Households arrive Less Prudent? By Akiko Terada-HagiwaraIts an interesting study to know why the average household saving rate in the Philippines declined by 5.2 fortune points to about a mere 5 percent disposable income from 1996-2006. By gratu itying the article based on Surveys, Decomposition Analysis and Estimations it shows the declining savings rate has been due to the reduced precautionary motives as partly expected by development such as the expansion of social security system. I agree that the delay moving income growth is magnified by more extensive coverage of the system to the informal sector employees, which appears to have reduced households precautionary savings.According to this article, a number of factors are relevant in affecting the precautionary motive of the Filipino households. First, the Philippines Social Security System developed significantly during the 1990s. Existing studies prove that the coverage by social programs, such as disability insurance, unemployment insurance and health insurance is negatively associated with savings. In 1988, altogether less than half of the Filipino workers were covered by the system. The system now covers 3 out of every 4 workers (75%). This expanded coverage o f the muster implies a reduce need for the younger cohorts to accumulate precautionary savings.I agree with the writer that the demographic factors do not fully explain the declining generationaving rate profile because it was more associated with the changing precautionary motives of Filipino households. The precautionary saving was strong in 1990s when the coverage of SSS is still limited. However, the precautionary motive does not seem to be present in the 2000s. The less prudent behaviors are found to be significant with households with informal sector jobs, but only in the 2000s validating the extended SSS being the major factor affecting the Filipino households savings behavior.Moreover, this impact is found particularly strong with lower income households in 2000s.Just to add some other reason why Filipino households savings rates declined is our poor spending habits we wanted to have the latest gadgets and anything that is trending. As for our OFWs, when they go home for vacation, they spend like a one day millionaire and go back to abroad to earn money and skilful to repeat the cycle. Also, the Lack of Financial Knowledge, we know that Finance is a very complicated subject. I believe that we should start to invest in our knowledge. And if you ask most Filipinos about where their savings are, most of them will tell you that they suffer their money in the Bank. Only few of us know about investments on stocks or mutual funds. Alissa L. MunezReaction PaperDynamic Correlation between stock prices and exchange rates by Chin-Hao Lee, Shuh-Chyi Doong and Pei-J ChouThis article is interesting because it examined the interaction between stock price and exchange rate and explored their dynamic correlation influenced by the stock market volatility. The correlation between stock market and foreign exchange market is affected by the stock market volatility. The correlations become higher in Asian emerging countries except in the Philippines when their stock m arket is volatile. I agree with the writers that this study is particularly important for international investors and managers in diversifying their strategies for improving their investment performance because the correlations between stocks and foreign exchange markets become higher while the stock market volatility increases in Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan, but not in the Philippines.Moreover, based on the findings of this article, investors can hedge risk between stock and foreign exchange markets domestically when the domestic stock market is stable. Otherwise, when stock market becomes volatile, investors diversify their portfolios intentionally for hedging risk since the correlation between stock and foreign exchange rates becomes higher.So it was learned that an international friendship would certainly be directly affected by currency fluctuations. They will often try to justify this with a hedge fund, so any losses they take on one-currency balances wit h gains on another.I guess the stock price of a company is based on perceived value, not necessarily on the predicted value of their assets and relationships. However, as currency exchange rates are merely indications of the general state of an economy, an issue that would affect a product based company, might or might not show up as a fluctuation in the currency exchange. A financial services company is heavily influenced by exchange rates, but still, the perception of their value, would not immediately be affected.1. melt Branch BankingPractice We are now implementing Lean Branch Banking, where we disapprove deposit slip, withdrawal slips and bills payment slips for Over-the-counter exertions (cash and check deposit/bills payment, withdrawals).For Deposit- Each deposit or bills payment shall be supported by a duly validated slip or exercise receipt. The customer, payor or representative shall confirm the completeness and accuracy of the deposit or bills paymentaccepted via th e issuance of transaction receipt by signing on the transaction receipt.For Withdrawal- a duly validated Withdrawal/Debit slip or transaction receipt shall support each withdrawal. The processing teller shall ensure the completeness and accuracy of the posted withdrawal. Any alteration on the withdrawal/Debit slip shall be signed effective by the customer.This was implemented to improve customer experience on making deposit, bills payment or withdrawal by shifting to a paperless process.Recommendation The Lean Branch Model that was implemented in our company was great but unlike other Banking institutions that provide this kind of services, they use a more systematic and enhance technology. Where clients can be more responsible on doing their own margeing transactions. Ive observed that the implementation of the companys Lean Branch Banking real improves customer experience because clients just wait their numbers to be called and just dictate their account numbers and amount they need to deposit or to withdraw. The only thing that they will do is to wait and to confirm their transaction before they sign the slip.But there are many instances of misposted transactions or wrong transactions that was overlooked by the teller and was signed by the client. The client did not check his/her transaction and just sign the slip. If not properly handled, such error may result to financial and reputational risk of the bank. So I suggest that, since were implementing a Lean Branch Model we should update more on the system and provide queuing machines to the branches.Where their clients could update their own passbooks, check their account balances, etc. inside the bank that can give knowledge on their clients and let them feel the Real Banking Experience. The bank should not limit technology just by providing an online banking transaction outside its branches but must also provide online banking transaction inside the branches. Since we are now in the modern era, where t echnology is more advance. We need to help one another to be familiarized on how to apply this technology for faster, innovative and great banking experience.2. Gold Members VS. Senior Citizens, PWDs and Regular ClientsPractice Gold Members are clients with VIP treatment who maintains their PHP100, 000 Average Daily oddment in the bank. They are given a priority queuing just like the senior citizens and PWDs. There are times that the clients with priority queuing get inside the bank all at once. Because they know that they should be prioritized, they dont get numbers for queuing and just go directly to the counter for their transaction.Recommendation sometimes it just happened that your clients with priority queuing gets inside the bank all at once and will be disappointed if you will tell them to just wait for their turn because theres a client with the same level of priority that transacts first. This kind of situations must be opened to meetings or huddles on the Quality Circle to mitigate the problem and to maintain the quality service the company wants to implement. There should be a certain person/employee to collect or to receive their transactions so that the process will be discreet by delivering the transaction to the processing teller and it will be delivered back to the client, without requiring the clients to get in line to be able to feel their privileges and importance in the system.3. Human ResourcesPractice In a branch, theres limited employees that operates the system (4 employees per branch). There are times that the clients became disappointed on Long Lines, Long waits, etc. and they will notice the number of employees should be increased to give faster service. Since we know that management has a way on determining on how many employees that is needed in a branch to operate, it takes time to wait for a new hire employee that will be given on a certain branch.Recommendation Since the Company is implementing a Lean Branch Model they will hire more efficient persons to be trained, give sufficient workshops and seminars to help their employees to grow and to be ready on theirassigned tasks. The Company must hire Auxiliary personnel to study up the gap of a branch office and to prevent future complaints.4. TrainingsPractice To the Loyal employees of the bank who are working for several years in the company, they are sometimes familiarized on the Job theyre doing and since they almost know all about the operations and the systems of the bank, sometimes theyre having a sticky time to understand the new system without the updated trainings and workshops.Recommendation Give employees the trainings and workshops they deserved especially for those who is working for the company for several years. This is the person who remains loyal to the organization and they must be given training on updated systems and operations.5. Job Rotation/Employee RotationPractice Because there are one-man employees inside the branch, employees are not given a chance to be familiarized on another job to be able to learn how the whole branch operates. There are some instances you need to learn to do another job because your co-worker is sick or you need to be assigned to another branch because theres also a risk on being familiar or attached to our clients.Recommendation Job rotation can help employees be more productive. Rotation can raise worker morale because they get to try new jobs, so boredom and burnout are less of a problem. Sometimes employees may be less likely to call in sick, show up late or quit. Employees can also learn skills on one job that can be applied to another job, which helps them perform work more efficiently. This is why cross training increases productivity to the employees.

Indian Essay

India experienced the fall, absence, and the re-establishment of an empire while Hinduism took over the religion of Buddhism and the establishment of the order system took place throughout the period 300-600 C. E. There were more features that changed throughout the classical era and galore(postnominal) things that also continued after that. The Gupta Empire was founded by Chandra Gupta and was a rattling stable and prosperous empire from 320-588 C. E. aft(prenominal) some time the Gupta Empire fell due to the invasions of Huns. India couldnt maintain an empire due to the fact that the states failed to ommand loyalty, the great cultural diversity, the frequent invasions from Central Asia, and the rank system encouraged local loyalties. The decline of the Gupta Empire at the end of the classical era was not as bad as the fall of the papistic Empire in the Mediterranean. This indicates that there was no centralized empire until much later. Many important social and cultural aspe cts of Indian society outlived the Gupta rule in the classical era. Hinduism was supported by the Gupta emperors over Buddhism because Buddhism gradually declined and spread beyond India to different places.Read alsoArya Samaj athttps//essaysamurai.co.uk/arya-samaj/So Hinduism remained as the highly dominate religion. This symbolizes that the Indian society remained together by its common Hindu religion traits. Math and Science was also signified by the Gupta Empire. They found astronomy very interesting and impressive. The caste system was Indias was of social organization. There were two parts to the caste system The Caste as Varna and the Caste as Jati. The office staff of the Caste system was that it was very local and so it focused loyalties on a restricted territory. It made empire building very difficult and the caste was like a substitute for the state.The caste provided some social security and support for widows, orphans etc. The caste was a means to accommodate the migr ants and invaders. Last just not least the caste made it easier for the wealthy and powerful to exploit the poor. The caste system which used birth to place people into their sectors of the sacred power structure was closely tied to the Hindu religion. This system remained an integral part of Indian society for centuries. Over time, Southernization increased and cultural influences spread from India to South East Asia.There were many advances in Indian stopping point such as mathematics, which also continued into the future. Indian artistic styles, which primarily focused on the religious images, changed a little. The culture of the Indian subcontinent changed a little from the classical to postclassical eras. Child marriages still continued as well as the strength of Hinduism across India and beyond. The trade by prop and sea still continued. The changes in the Indian society during the time 300-600 C. E. were not as obvious as those in Rome and China. Many changes and continuit ies still equal today in India.

Articles in Contrast

It can be interesting how two different newspapers will report the very(prenominal) news in a slightly different manner. This can be viewed in the following two articles that were recently published New commander for Mideast says season is short on Iraq futureInternational Herald Tribune (IHT) By Brian Knowlton (Published January 30, 2007) and Time is short for Iraq turnaround US commander Agence France-Presse (AFP) by Jim Mannion (Published January 30, 2007)In summation, both articles inform the public that in Admiral William Fallons testimony to the US Senate, he stated his belief that a turnaround for success in Iraq is possible if a new schema is implemented, but the window of opportunity for success is very small.There are two similar scenegraphs that accompany the articles. The AFP stresses a long shot photo of Admiral William Fallon testifying before the US Senate while the IHT uses a similar photo, but one that is a closer, tighter shot. In both photos, the Admiral holds up his hands in a gesture of emphasizing his seriousness. The photos complement the story well as they provide a clear image of the Admiral.Both articles provide the basic facts of the locating that relates to the headline, but then segue into different subject matter. The IHP drifts into a discussion on the dangers that Iran poses to US and Western European interests while the AFP article drifts into reports just about civilian casualties and loss of life/While both articles are factual, it is obvious that both articles also have a certain bias to them. The IHP article understandably tries to label Iran as the main villain in the conflict while the AFP uses the article to make the US war effort look alike(p) a grim failure. Granted, Fallon touched on both issues in his testimony, but it is curious how both papers cherry picked what to report and how to report it.To a coarse degree, the IHP article was far more enjoyable because it had a glimmer of hope in its contents. The AFP article was downbeat and gloomy, emphasizing death and destruction. While the situation in Iraq is dire, there should always be a sense of hope present for the future.BibliographyKnowlton, Brian. 30 January 2007. New commander for Mideast says time is short onIraq future. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 30 January 2007.URL http//www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/30/news/policy.phpMannion, Jim. 30 January 2007. Time is short for Iraq turnaround US commanderAgence France-Presse. Retrieved 30 January 2007. URL http//news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070130/pl_afp/usiraqmilitaryfallon_070130204955

Problems and Prospects of the Chongming Dontan Ramsar Site

Name Su Zhelong UtasNum 144362 SOUNum 0991340 Word Count 1846 KGA 378 Long Essay Pressures, Problems and Prospects of the Chongming Dontan Ramsar Site I. base From the pre-industrial period to post-industrial period, the problems ca lend oneselfd by environment deterioration always come with the great economic growth and significant technical promotion. To equilibrate social ontogenesis and environmental health puzzles people all over the world at present while poverty still affect one fifth of human macrocosm after the population explosion and accelerating urbanization.The contradiction typically occurs in the coastal zones, which are under the pressure from population growth, pollution, over-exploitation of resources and habitat degradation due to these states fight approximately half of the worlds population. In China, the whole country is fueled by powerful social and economic forces that are promoting individual development and land reclamation (Yang, 1999 Yang et al. , 2001 cited in Zhao et al. , 2004). This author focused on the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site as a subject area to discuss its pressures, problems and prospects in the development dilemma of the changing world.Chongming Island is the third largest island in China(1200km2) and the largest alluvial island in the world that located in north of yarn-dye city. As a migratory staging and wintering site for millions of snickers and spawning and cater grounds for 63 species of fish, Chongming Dongtan provides important bionomic services with its extraordinary resources. (Zhao et al. , 2004) The essay used SWOT compendium process to evaluate the ecological situation of Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site, therefore, the phrase discussed this issue from four main aspects strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.II. SWOT Analysis Strengths The strengths of Chongming Dongtan Ramsar site can be concluded as three respects geographic advantages, abundant resources and biologic diversity. Firs tly, the Chongming Dongtan is the most large-scaled and well-developed tidal wetland and the mouth of the river. It is located in the easternmost Chongming Island that formed by the sediment accumulation from the runoff of Yangzi River. Moreover, the Dongtan is still increasing in surface by about 500 ha annually to the East Ocean through the deposition of sand. (Zhao et al. 2004) This position, the coastal field of operation in the center of Yangzi Delta, is the midpoint on the only way that must be passed of migratory birds in Pacific Asia that many birds stop here to take rest and food when they pass by in spring and summer. Besides, it is also a wintering site for millions of birds because of its moderate climate (Shi et al. , 2001). Secondly, the extensive tidal-flat area and hierarchical distribution make the Dongtan rich in both(prenominal) inorganic and organic resources. The luxuriant aquatic plant and massive plankton provide adequate food for birds and reptiles.As a h abitat, especially in winter, the widely flourishingly growing reed instrument is very suitable to perch and hatch for birds. Lastly, the Dongtan site has amazing biological diversity that 63 species of fish including the rare animal which is on the verge of quenching Chinese sturgeon and 108 species of migratory birds. The total number of the birds aggregates three million which is the tenth of China and quarter of impress area. III. SWOT Analysis Weaknesses Since 1960s the Chinese, both governing body and civilians, started to exploit the Chongming Island, the total annual ecosystem service values in Dongtan keep declining until today.Especially after the reform and open, the fast industrialization and economic development accelerate the environmental degradation in Dongtan. Just between 1990 and 2000, the total ecosystem service values had reduced 62%, which was largerly attributable to the 71% loss of wetlands and tidal flats. (Zhao et al. , 2004) According to sexual interc ourse research, the main reasons, also the weakness, of Dongtan are mostly from two aspects the depletion caused by overdevelopment and inning and the water flake out pollution. From 1964 to 2001, there were more than 20 times of inning action at law that occupied over 14198. hm. The inning activities becomes increasingly frequent and large-scaled that result in the wetlands/tidal flats shrunk from 12,432 ha in 1990 to 7915ha in 1997, and 3856 ha in 2000. In contrast, the grove /plant nursery had increased from 80 ha in 1990 to 3863 ha in 2000. (Zhao et al. , 2004) The detailed situation of land structure changes had been listed in the following tables Tables from Zhao B. , Kreuter U. , Li B. , Ma Z. , Chen J. & Nakagoshi N. , 2004, An Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Land-use multifariousness on Chongming Island, China, Land Use Policy, Volume 21, pages 139-148.In addition, the reed regions area fell off from 2039. 78 hm to 810. 17 hm and the salt marsh area decreased from 539. 27 hm to 391. 43 hm. Influenced by the changes, many birds are forced to set forth the original habitat so that the total number of birds dropped with the tidal reduction. These irrational distributions of land use broke up the ecosystem balance and caused high rate of environmental services loss that will bring dependable negative ecological consequences in long term. The shortsighted activities will finally limit the development of the area and lead to economically costly outcomes.The other weakness of Dongtan site is the water tone of voice degradation because of the sewer discharge. There are 16 township enterprises use 166. 67 tidal lands to initiate ship dismantlement factories, which produced serious water pollution with waste oil and Toxic chemical substances that make the large-area reed sear or dead. Particularly in the combined concentrated sewage discharge outlets, the water quality of both the intertidal and offshore was polluted by the life-threatening metal contamination and organic pollution (PAHs and LABs). Shi et al. , 2001) from almost three million m3 sewage per day is discharged to the coastal zone water body. Compared with the industrial modify sewage discharge, the non-point pollution from urban runoff, agriculture and aquaculture contributes much more significant percentage of the total pollution. Despite these two factors, poaching activities and wetland grazing also smash the environmental heath of Dongtan site in different degrees. IV. SWOT Analysis OpportunitiesIn 1992, the Chongming Dongtan had been put in the Chinese Protected Wetland Dictionary while it was brought into The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance and other international important wetland lists. The Dongtan sites undertake the functions of environmental damage resisting, environment purifying and maintain the biological diversity. Due to its great subject matter for sustainable development of multiple regions, the Shanghai City made decisions of constructing Chongming Island into the largest ecological island in China.The Chongming Dongtan Wetland Nature Protection Area, Chongming Dongtan Migratory Birds Nature Protection Area of Shanghai and Chongming Dongtan Wetland Park had been established in succession. The foundation of these protection areas will effectively retard the environmental degradation in Dongtan site and promote the environmental quality through policy and integrated management. At the same time, in order to lighten the pressure of exploit on the wetland, the government has built a genial communication network to stimulate the tourist industry and economic growth.The overall plan of Dongtan transport system development has four parts * Freeway barter the G40 line, important part of national highway network that connects East China and North China, will cross the Chongming Island through Shanghai Yangzi River Tunnel * Rail transport the subway 9th line will reach the Chengjia Town in Chongmi ng Island across the Yangzi River * Water traffic dork construction along the south band of the Yangzi River * give vent traffic the parking apron for helicopter in the International Forum Island, which is in the south of Dongtan Avenue, has been built already.To deal with the water pollution from sewage discharge, the Chongming ecological construction plan states that the wetland sewage sermon project is under building. This project aims to concentrate both industrial and sanitary sewage to purge before discharge to improve the water quality of the area. Three of the 9 programmed sewage disposal works had been accomplished and come into service. The total sewage treatment system includes sewage collection network, preprocessing system and artificial wetland processing system. The treated water can be directly discharge into the farmland or irrigate plants.This sewage treatment system can handle 6 million tons of water per day that is the biggest sewage disposal work in Chongming Island. V. SWOT Analysis Threats The destination section is to analysis the potential problems or threats to the future development of the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site. As the arguer had mentioned before, the Chongming Dongtan is formed by the sand sedimentation from the water flow of the Yangzi River. and then the area of the wetland/tidal flats still keeps increasing because the sedimentation process continues to bring solid matter.However, the water conservancy construction in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, like the Three Gorges Hydropower air and . projects to divert water from the south to the north, substantially diminishes the sediment charge of the current while the water flow does not change. Less sediment concentration slows pull down the speed of wetland and tidal flats increasing. Corresponding, affected by the storm surge, many coastal areas have been widespread eroded. The problem will become more and more serious if no measures are taken.Every year, thou sands of fishing vessels gather from different provinces to Chongming Dongtan to fish for eels. The massive fishery activity invades and occupies the habitat of birds and brings significant pollution like noise of take and engine oil. The geese and ducks overwintering has been serious disturbed that they could not foraging and perch safely and peacefully. The frail ecosystem that is lack of unified management has been wantonly destroyed from the immoderate seining. (Yin, Jiang & Li, 2008)In addition, the local anaesthetic plants like scirpus mariqueter and reed provide necessary food and habitat for migratory birds. Notwithstanding, the invasive alien species like spartina is growing in perfect abundance and snatching resources from local plants while these invasive alien species cannot take place of the local plants functions. (Yuan et al. , 2003) Therefore, if the reed has be instead of the invasive alien species, the species and quantity of the bird will sharply decrease thus the environmental services of tidal flats are not functioning properly.VI. Conclusion In conclusion, after the SWOT analysis of the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site, the author had summarized the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The pressures of the Dongtan mostly come from over exploit, resource depletion and human-made pollution from many aspects especially the sewage discharge. The reduction of wetlands/tidal flats caused by enclose tideland for cultivation and less(prenominal) sediment concentration in water flow of Yangzi River and immoderate seining are the major problems for the protection area.However, a number of measures taken by the government of Shanghai City, for instance, the foundation of three natural protection areas, integrated high speed communication network and sewage treatment works, will make remarkable departure to the present situation. The author considered the poor management of Dongtan site as the primary restriction to limit its developmen t. Thus, applying the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) will be a proper solution to develop and protect the Dongtan and its resources.By uniforming a common objective of national and local authorities, the ICZM will promote the way of coastal area using and balance the demands from natural, economic, cultural and social needs. (Shi et al. , 2001) VII. Reference O? Connell M. , 2000. , Threats to Waterbirds and Wetlands Implications for Conservation, Inventory and Research, Wildfowl, Volume 51, pages 1-15. Shi C. , Hutchinson S. M. , Yu L. & Xu S. , 2001, Towards a Sustainable Coast An Integrated Coastal Zone prudence Framework for Shanghai, People? Republic of China, Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 44, pages 411-427. Tian B. , Zhang L. , Wang X. , Zhou Y. & Zhang W. , 2010, Forecasting the effects of sea-level rise at Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in the Yangtze Delta, Shanghai, China, Available at http//www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0925857410001709 A ccess at May 15th 2012 Yin H. , Jiang W. & Li J. , 2008, Simulation of Non-Point Pollutants Evolution in Coastal Plain Island-A Case field of Chongming Island, Available at http//www. sciencedirect. om/science/article/pii/S1001605808600530 Access at May 15th 2012 Yuan W. , James P. , Hodgson K. , Hutchinson S. M. & Shi C. , 2003, Development of sustainability indicators by communities in China a case study of Chongming County, Shanghai, Available at http//www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S030147970300063X Access at May 15th 2012 Zhao B. , Kreuter U. , Li B. , Ma Z. , Chen J. & Nakagoshi N. , 2004, An Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Land-use Change on Chongming Island, China, Land Use Policy, Volume 21, pages 139-148.

Tidal energy

1. IntroductionTidal dynamism is one of the renewable energies that possess a promising time to come as pushing beginnings for the whole universe in general and for approximately states in peculiar. The purpose of this study is to discourse the current position of tidal energy in footings of engineering, runing rule, environmental effects and its hereafter tuition.The specific aims atomic number 18 To sketch the current potency of tidal energy end-to-end the universe To discourse the engineerings up to day of the month To place the pros and cons of the current engineerings To indicate bring out the environmental impacts of tidal energy and if any accomplishments so far to relieve this consequence To discourse the attainable hereafter developments2. BackgroundThe Earth and the Moon continuously produce centrifugal forces on one another. This gravitative consequence creates a bump in the oceans confronting to the side of the Moon. A 2nd bump is produced by the centrifugal for ce overdue to the rotary motion of the Earth on the opposite side of it. Those twain sides of the Earth are the two countries where high tides are produced.The usage of tidal energy has been started since 12th century for grain milling intents in England and France though it has been barely utilise due to decelerate gait of engineering developments and other inexpensive energy beginning rivals such as fossil fuels. There were no much researches and developments on the engineering and it did nt deal adequate attending till recent old ages. exactly those tidal Millss are the base for the development of modern tidal energy engineerings.3. Tidal energy Status3.1. World Tidal brawniness PotentialThe universe s 70 % of its surface covered by water has an ability of bring forthing 50000MW tidal current energy yearly ( Atlantis Resource Corporation, 2009 ) . Most of the countries sited in 3.1 are those countries with high potency of tidal energy resources available. But tidal energy is available all over the Earth though the sum of energy to be harnessed is smaller compared to the given(p) 1s.3.2. Current Tidal Energy TechnologiesTidal energy is the energy exploited from the possible and kinetic flow of the tides. There are two presently matured engineerings used to pull out this energy. The possible energy of the tides is exploited utilizing tidal bombardments and the kinetic energy is extracted by the tidal current turbine engineerings ( Fergal O Rourke, 2009 ) .3.2.1. Tidal BarragesTidal bombardments are dams constructed at the oral cavity of estuaries to keep up the coming H2O by shuting the piece gates in either side which builds up a possible energy that derriere be converted in to electricity by utilizing turbines. This has similar rule like the hydro electric male monarch coevals.Advantages No demand of fuel No waste and nursery gas production There is no H2O and air pollution Reliable production of electricity Predictable and renewableDisadvantage Expensive for bombardment construction There is deficit of tidal bombardment sitesPolicy shapers and companies are loath to pass clip and specie in research and development for a wider execution of tidal bombardment engineerings because of their high civil innovation costs and environmental issues. Alternatively, they are concentrating on new engineerings such as tidal current turbines which disregard minimise the cost of dam buildings due to their simpleness in working rule and suitableness to deploy in different countries of oceans.3.2.2. Tidal current turbinesTidal current turbines utilises the kinetic energy of H2O currents to revolve the turbines for electricity coevals. The working rule is the same as the windmills that use the air currents to revolve the air current turbines. The rebirth of kinetic energy in to utile energy is carried out by two widely used turbine systems viz. horizontal and perpendicular axis turbines. Those are the chief competent right now and they ar e largely under active research stage with a cud of presentations and trials around the universe ( M.J. Khan, G. Bhuyan, M.T. Iqbal, J.E. Quaicoe, 2009 ) .The blades of swimming axis tidal turbines exclude about a horizontal axis which is parallel to the flow of H2O as shown in fig 3.3 below. Those constellations and type of blades are non the lone 1s developed so far. Those are precisely samples to demo physically how the horizontal axis tidal turbines look like.The blades of Vertical axis tidal turbines rotate about a perpendicular axis which is perpendicular to the way of the flow of H2O as shown in fig 3.4. There are different blade constellations and types under this class though they are non given in this paper.Tidal current turbines have same advantage as the tidal barrages do scarcely relieve the major disadvantages because of their inexpensive building costs and can be deployed in wider countries of the universe. Those are the railyard tidal current turbines are going more attractive and favorable over tidal bombardments and batch of researches and developments are focussed towards those engineerings.3.3. Environmental impactsAffects the upstream and downstream environment due to the demand of big countries3.4. early development4. Drumhead and decision5. MentionsAtlantis Resource Corporation. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 27, 2009, from Global Resource hypertext transfer protocol //www.atlantisresourcescorporation.com/marine-power/global-resources.htmlBrooks, R. ( 2008 ) . The World Offshore renewable Energy Report 2004-2008. DTI.Energy Resources. ( 2009 ) . Retrieved December 05, 2009, from Tidal Power- Energy from the Sea hypertext transfer protocol //www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htmFergal O Rourke, F. B. ( 2009 ) . Tidal energy update. Applied Energy, 398409.GCK Technology Ltd. ( 2008 ) . Retrieved December 28, 2009, from The Gorlov Helical Turbine hypertext transfer protocol //www.gcktechnology.com/GCK/pg2.htmlM.J. Khan, G. Bhuyan , M.T. Iqbal, J.E. Quaicoe. ( 2009 ) . Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion Systems and Assessment of Horizontal and Vertical Axis Turbines for river and Tidal Applications. Applied Energy, 1823-1835.Peter Clark, Rebecca Klossner, Lauren Kologe. ( 2003 ) . Tidal Energy.

Innovative Technology: the Lead Cause of Employee Redundancy? A Literature Review

Introduction proficient developments permit led to an extend in borrowing of different mod scientific firmnesss in organisations. several(prenominal) positive consequences rent emanated from this, including the ontogeny in efficiency of operations (Thompson, 2011). thither wee-wee as well been interdict consequences, one of these world the fact that services of several(prenominal) employees argon rendered unnecessary, leading to their possible dismissal (Klehe et al., 2011). This theatrical role intends to carry out an in-depth and critical review of literature on the adoption of novelty engineering science and employee redundancy. workplace Innovation and Innovative TechnologiesIn revision to understand the use up for innovative technologies, it is vital to develop an taking into custody of origination at the workplace. Innovation is defined by Mumford (2012) as the process by which parvenu ideas, methods or devices atomic number 18 introduced so as to try better solutions for issues world faced by an organisation. The constant changes in the business environment, coupled with an increasing competition across tot entirelyy business industries do made foundation garment an inevitable option for al approximately all companies (Thompson, 2011). According to Sung and Choi (2014), workplace innovation is at the merchandise of three organisational elements, which ar technology, skills, and humans resource management. The coexistence of these elements lies in the fact that when the adoption of technology is driven by the strategic human resource management policies, at that place is a likelihood of HR managers to improve organisational processes done investing in employee training programs to improve their skills. Conversely, static human resource management presents a obstruction to the adoption of technology and and so, less workplace innovation (Tushman & OReilly, 2013). This perspective of workplace innovation understandably indicates that technology adoption plays a key role. Technological innovation is the development or extensive adoption of overbold and better technologies by organisations (Nordhaus, 2007). Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2011) argue that there has been an increasing pace of expert innovations, which is expected to provided increase in future. There argon a variety of innovative technologies, which is based on the differences in services and products that are offered by different companies. Whereas development of innovative technologies has been in place for a dogged metre, it was accelerated by the onset of study and ready reckoner technologies in the 1960s (Teece, 2010). Often referred to as the estimator revolution, it began with the initial use of estimators commercially and went on through the introduction of the internet and later, e-commerce (Nordhaus, 2007). dismantle though they may be expensive to acquire and maintain, there are several advantages that are associat ed with these innovative technologies (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2011). For businesses, one of the advantages is the reduction of be. This is because it quashs the overdependence on employees and as a result, eliminates expenses that could be incurred in form of salaries, benefits and training be. It withal eliminates the losses associated with employee employee tearover and reduces wastages in operations (Davenport, 2013). For manufacturing companies, it readys it easier for them to streamline their processes and implement lean manufacturing strategies (Leiponen & Helfat, 2010). Innovative technologies also increase productivity and reduce messtime. Campbell-Kelly (2009) argues that algorithms used in computerisation of tasks in workplaces eliminate biases that are typical to humans. Whilst human take aim to fulfil former(a) tasks that are unrelated to their occupations like eating, sleeping and grooming that often disrupt their work routines, algorithms are programmed to movement the run away of tasks that it is allocated without these interruptions. As a result, it enables companies to meet demands from customers, expand their operations and increase their returns (Campbell-Kelly, 2009).Trends in Innovative TechnologiesIn explaining workplace innovative technologies of the 21st century, Autor et al. (2003) categorise tasks into four. These are routine, non-routine, manual and cognitive tasks. Routine tasks are those that are accomplished by following explicit steps, and screw be easily executed by machines. Non-routine tasks, on the other hand, are more(prenominal) complex, and cast not been adequately understood by programmers to develop a specified computer mode for their operations (Autor et al., 2003). Both routine and non-routine tasks passelister then be assort into cognitive or manual tasks. Whereas manual tasks relate to physical duties, cognitive tasks relate to manual work. Historically, mechanisation or computerisation was spe cifyed to routine manual and cognitive tasks, which are known to involve explicit activities that are rule-based. However, with the proficient developments that stomach outputn place over the years, in time tasks that are non-routine are also being automated (David & Dorn, 2013). Examples of innovative technologies being used in present-day organisations are mobile robotics. These are widely used in the health and manufacturing sectors to accomplish tasks that were initially handled by manual drudge (Gomes, 2011 Dudek & Jenkin, 2010). Other tasks, as illustrated by Autor et al. (2003), include navigation of automobiles, deciphering handwritings, fraud detections and healthcare diagnostics. In healthcare, for instance, oncologists in leading aesculapian centres are the Watson computer from IBM to offer chronic care and diagnostics for cancer treatment (Cohn, 2013). The computer utilises data from 600,000 medical reports, 2 million pages of from medical journal articles and 1.5 million criminal trials and patient records to benchmark and recognize patterns. This enables the computer to make a near accurate comparison of a persons genetics, symptoms and history of his/her family medications so as to come up with the most appropriate plan for treatment (Cohn, 2013). Normally, it could take many(prenominal) employees to crumble all this data in order to provide a near-accurate diagnosis and treatment prescription. The fact that all these can be executed by a single machine renders many hospital employees light (Walker, 2014). This is one of the examples that denote the milestones that have been reached in regard to expert innovation.Societal Impacts of Innovative TechnologiesThere are several societal impacts that have been associated with the adoption of innovative technologies in organisations. Of interest in this study, however, are their impacts on the jobs of employees in different organisations. This refer has been raised by several researchers, including Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2011), who argue that automated or computer controlled equipment have widely tote upd to the recent increase in the levels of un oeuvre across the world. They also state that mechanisation is no longer limited to routine tasks in manufacturing industries (Autor et al., 2003). It is increasingly being applied on other supreme tasks, which increases the possibility of a reduction on the demand for manual tasks. An example is the recent development of an independent driverless car by Google (Rathod, 2013). In another study by Beaudry et al. (2013), they also established that within the sometime(prenominal) 10 years, there has been a huge decline in the demand of manual skill as a result of increased automation and dependency on computer and culture technology. This is even with the increase in the number of bulk who enrol in and graduate from higher education institutions. This research, however, fails to put into thoughtfulness the jobs that h ave been created as a result of technological developments and the computer revolution. Among the industries that have prospered because of information technology and, as a result, absorbed many employees include the telecommunications sector (Leiponen & Helfat, 2010). According to Acemoglu (2011), this has resulted into a military position where trained employees have move down the occupational ladder to take up roles that were originally handles by semi-skilled or menial employees. This pushes the low-skilled labourers further down the ladder, forcing some of them to move out of employment. These findings concur with David and Dorns (2013), who established that there are increasing proportions of skilled workers in organisations. This does not, however, mean that there is an ongoing creation of jobs for skilled employees. It factor that automation has taken up most of the jobs that were originally handled by skilled and semi-skilled employees. Several questions have been raise d in regard to technological innovations and employee job security (David & Dorn, 2013). One of these is the extent of unemployment that will be brought about by innovative technologies. With the on-going trends of automating tasks that were originally pictureed as un-automatable, even skilled employees face the risk of losing their jobs. By losing jobs, these nation also lose a source of income, reservation the impacts to spill over to their families and dependants (Acemoglu, 2011). heretofore with the widely available inference on technological unemployment resulting from these technological innovations, there are economists who still insist that it cannot happen (Campa, 2014). They argue that even though automation leads to the displacement of workers, it reduces operational prices in several companies, leading to reduced prices. These reduced prices jaunt increased consumer demands, which involve more products and services to be satisfied. As a result, more industries wil l have to be created, which provide a basis for hiring more workers. This affirmation is often referred to as the Luddite false belief (Walker, 2014). Even though this has been more or less true for the past two centuries, it is yet to be proved whether it will still hold true with the acceleration in technological innovations that has been facilitated by the computer revolution.governmental approaches to employee redundancyThe effect of automation on employment in the United Kingdom and across the cosmos has raised concerns among different stakeholders (Acemoglu, 2011). As organisations continue to take advantage of technological advancements to increase their competitive positions in their various industries of operation, more employees face the risk of losing their jobs. In response to this, there are several policies that have been put in place by the government to reduce redundancy (Gov.uk, 2014). However, these policies are general and do not focus on the redundancy that ma y be brought about by technological innovations in the workplace. Some of the reasons that are cited for redundancy, alongside adoption of technological innovations, include changing the location of business premises, acquirement of one company by another or reduction of staff members with the aim of cutting costs in the organisation (Griffith & Macartney, 2014). In case an employee is selected to be made redundant, employers are required to provide a clear explanation for the decision. Some of the reasons that can be include as explanations for this are skills and qualifications of the employee, their attendance and corrective records, success/lack of success at the workplace and their overall workplace cognitive process (Gov.uk, 2014). Reasons for redundancy ought not to be related to prejudice or discrimination. There also has to be an appeal procedure that provides employees with a platform to question his/her selection for redundancy in case they feel that the selection is unf air in any way. On dismissal, companies are also required to conduct their employees a statutory redundancy pay (Gov.uk, 2014). Whereas these policies offer a slight reprieve to employees in regard to losing their jobs to technology, there has been no quantifiable argument to pinpoint their effectiveness (Griffith & Macartney, 2014). Even with the extensive research that has been carried out on innovative technologies and their effects on employment, there is still a shortage of literature that explains the approaches that companies can use to retain employees while adopting these innovative technologies. How to find a balance between innovative technologies and employment Referring to the literature that has been reviewed on innovative technologies and the technological unemployment, it is clear that the most likely trend will be an increased adoption of innovative technologies at the workplace, with a consequent increase in technological unemployment (Huizingh, 2011 Campa, 2014). However, there are different approaches that have been suggested by researchers that will help in reducing the adverse impacts of technological innovations on employment and employee living conditions. For instance, Piovarciova (2014) suggests that governments need to introduce an unconditional basic income for the growing number of unemployed people. This will result in the lengthiness of the market economy as the cycle of consumer spending will be propped up. Yet, this suggestion has been downplayed by many, with some arguing that providing everyone with a guaranteed basic income will mean that the working macrocosms will have to part with more money in form of taxes (Gajewska, 2014). Another approach was offered by Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2012) who suggested that, in order to avoid being overtaken by machines in workplaces, people need to work towards advancing their capabilities faster than the pace with which technological advancements are taking place. In addition to this, super-intelligent minds ought to develop new appetencys that will trigger the creation of new industries (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2012). However, all these suggestions may be impractical because the acceleration in development of innovative technologies that has been facilitated by computer and information technology could be challenging to catch up with. Moreover, some of the human capabilities that will have to be advanced include skills in designing and developing new and more advanced innovative technologies, which are being fought against in the first place.Mitigating employee redundancy caused by technological advancement As earlier established, there are several reasons why companies lay off employees, one of these being automation of tasks. Automation reduces costs of operation, assesss quality of repetitive processes and increases the pace at which work is done. However, not all layoffs are necessary (Bartels et al., 2012). There are several measures through which employe e redundancy can be mitigated. This section intends to address some of them. good strategic planningAll successful organisations have managers who are strategic planners and future oriented. The ability to take chances and make future projections determines if the company will survive the tough times that are the norm of a globalised and competitive world. In line with this proposition, Autor et al. (2003) state that a clear, elaborate, well-planned and structured strategic plan ensures that the organisation is lively for any eventualities. As such, organisations need to prepare for technological advancements and make the necessary adjustments in their workforce. One of the adjustments that can be made is distributing employees who could be redundant to other departments to reinforce their operations (Gall, 2011). Hiring highly skilled employees and go employee training Based on analysis conducted by Waters (2007), technological advancement ordinarily automates most of the useful ity of an organisation that does not require highly skilled and/or specialised labour. As such, companies whose larger population of employees is not highly skilled are susceptible to employee redundancy in case of technological innovations in the organisation (Walker, 2014). To mitigate this while still allowing the company to grow and advance, organisations should have a highly skilled, effectively trained and tested labour force, which will still be effective after acquisition of new technological innovations. Gall (2011), who concurs with this opinion, states that organisations are expected to invest heavily in training staff that can facilitate growth and stability of the organisation. The limitation of this strategy is that not all tasks in the organisation require a high level of skills to be accomplished (Bartels et al., 2012). In addition, if skilled employees are assigned tasks that they consider not to match with their skill set, they are likely to seek employees in othe r companies, increasing employee turnover. never-ending evaluation of employeesEven with the automations of tasks in organisations, companies will still find it difficult to dismiss employees they regard as being valuable to the organisation. There is thus a need for standards to be set to gauge the performance such as performance appraisals (Waters, 2007). Rewards can be put in place for employees who positively contribute towards the organisations prosperity and punitive measures for those who do not. With such measures, employees will continuously upgrade their skills and increase their value to the organization (Palaiologos et al., 2011). This will increase their chance of retention in case of an automation of tasks. Even with such measures in place, there will still be employees who will be not as effective as others.Employee cross-trainingCross-training refers to the provision of training for employees to enable them improve their levels of proficiency in roles other than thos e of their available areas or departments (Ramanigopal et al., 2012). An example is when an employee in the production team of an organisation is provided with training on roles in the human resource department. Whereas this is commonly done with the aim of replacing employees who might have moved to other organisations, push aside or on leave, it can also be used to mitigate employee redundancy occurring as a result of automation. Employees whose jobs will be taken over by machines can be distributed to other functional areas, where they will effectively fit (Abernathy, 2011). Cross-training, however, has the limitation of being costly to the organisation.Planned and progressive acquisition of innovative technologyMost organisations tend to apply technological advancement as a reactive measures quite than an active measure (Gall, 2011). As a reactive measure, organisations apply technological advancement for purposes such as warding off competition, subscribing to the new standa rds set by the government or other regulatory bodies, meeting the upset(prenominal) high demand from the clients or any other reason which was not planned but sooner as a result of unavoidable circumstances. In such cases, employee redundancy is normally high and there is need to take action against it (Campa, 2014). However, this can be mitigated through planned and progressive execution of instrument of technological advancement. When technological advancement is planned, the organization will be ready for the change and the employees will be adequately skilled to tag along with the change and still be relevant (Teece, 2010). Progressive executing will allow for critical analysis of the impact if the technological advancement and thus laying down better strategies or corrective measures to mitigate the negative impacts of the technology while at the same time reduce employee redundancy (Gall, 2011). All the suggested approaches towards mitigation of employee redundancy as a res ult of technological innovation only provide a slight solution. This is because of the fact that whilst the current employees in the organisations will be retained, there will be a shortage of employment positions to accommodate new workers (Walker, 2014). Thus, this will only provide a shot-term solution to technological unemployment. The relationship between technological advancement and unemployment Employee redundancy that is majorly caused by technological advancement is also regarded as one of the primary contributors to the high levels of unemployment in the society (Autor et al., 2003). In order to fully understand the concepts behind the relationship between technological advancement and unemployment, one has to understand the genesis of formal employment and technological advancement. From the onset of capitalism in the society, there was need for specialised labour to ensure that the high demand for goods and services was met. The surplus production of food led to larger populations and thus higher demand for goods and services. The industrial revolution helped to set the platform on which technology was used in industries to enhance productivity and maximise on the resources available (Huizingh, 2011). The use of technology helped to automate repetitive tasks and standardise the quality of goods. The more beneficial technology was to the organisations, the more it was harnessed to ensure that capitalism prevailed and the needs of the people were met. However, the untutored labourers lost their jobs when machines were able to do the work that they did faster and at lower costs (Antonelli, 2014). This situation led to the term commonly referred to as technological unemployment where people lost their jobs to machines. The use of machinery led to the employment of only skilled labour (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2011). The invention of computers was revolutionary to the way humans lived, communicated with each other and also the way they worked (Gajewska , 2014). There was more automation of functions in organisations and the skills that people possessed then were rendered obsolete. According to Ayres (2009), many organisations, such as Google, have specific departments that are focused on research and development of new technologies to make work cheaper, easier and faster. Each and every day, there is a new invention aimed at making biography for humans better but the inventions could also lead to massive unemployment (Campa, 2014). The development of robotics is one of the forms of technological advancement that has led to unemployment. Robots are being used to perform the tasks that were initially being performed by people (Ayres & Warr, 2009). For example, as earlier stated, Google has recently launched a driverless car which is not prone to accidents (Rathod, 2013). These technologies require highly skilled labour to operate. However, since most of the worlds population is unskilled thus technology is leaving them jobless thu s increasing the levels of unemployment (Campa, 2014). The acceleration if the digital revolution is conditioned by the basic human desire to be better. Tasks that were considered to be complex and had to be done by highly skilled professionals are also being overtaken by technology (Nordhaus, 2007). Careers, such as banking, are being taken over by automated teller machines and online banking leading to unemployment of skilled labour. The use of 3D printers and the integration of artificial intelligence in the technological advancement concepts are leading to obsolesce of skills that were considered impressive, such as surgery (Cohn, 2013). As a great deal as technological advancement is criticised for causing massive unemployment in various industries for both skilled and unskilled labour, there are many jobs which may be related to the technological advancements which have been created as a result (Mumford, 2012). For instance, although the librarians and libraries are becoming less significant with the invention of computers and the internet, jobs for people who are manufacturing the computing devices have been created. In addition, other computer and information technology related industries, like telecommunications, have expanded and created more jobs (Leiponen & Helfat, 2010). Technological advancement can thus be regarded as constructive destruction where it causes unemployment in some sectors while creating employment in others.The future of technological advancementTechnology has been regarded as a solution for several problems within and outside organisations. This mentality has deterred people from considering the adverse impacts that it has on society. One of the many d raw(prenominal)backs of technological advancement is employee redundancy, which is the subject of this study. In this regard, researchers like Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2012) are for the opinion that technology is but an improved means to unimproved ends and cannot equal social and moral progress.According to Walker (2014), as technological advancements progress, there are resulting limitations in peoples learning abilities and their flexibility in adopting new ideas. This will in turn limit their innovation and as such, the rate of technological advancement will decline. However, Gomes (2011) presents a conflicting argument, stating that technological advancement is limitless and will continue to advance as long as humanity survives. This is because of the design of human beings to design easier approaches to day-to-day tasks. Human beings strive on a daily basis to make their lives better and are not satisfied with the level of progress made. Even though several strides have been made, there still is need for improvement (Huizingh, 2011). This is evidenced by the recent technological innovations that have been made, included the development of smartphones and driverless cars. In addition, for all innovations, there are often flaws or discoveries of better ways that they can deliver their intended tasks. Thus, there is a persistent need for further improvements of previous designs (Acemoglu, 2011).One of the factors that could limit the adoption of innovative technologies in workplaces is the increasing concern of their greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption (Wheeler, 2013). However, this concern is being addressed by a further development of technological innovations that are more environmental friendly, and use sustainable energy sources like solar and wind power (Hansmann et al., 2012). Based on these findings, unless raw materials needed to facilitate technological advancements are depleted, technological advancements are expected to endless.SummaryThis section has reviewed a wider range of literature on innovative technologies at the workplace and its impacts on employee redundancy. A wide range of literature suggests a positive relationship between the adoption of innovative technology and technological unemployment. Ho wever, the Luddite fallacy developed by some economists states that that there is no positive relationship between the two. Other issues that have been addressed in this section include the trends in innovative technologies, the affects that they have on social life and how the resulting employee redundancy can be mitigated. In regard to whether there will be an end to technological advancements, most of the literature that has been reviewed suggests that technological innovation will progress. This argument is supported by the trends in technology innovations in the 21st century, where tasks that are non-routine and were considered as being non-automatable, are now being automated. One of the gaps that have been identified in literature is on the measures being taken by organisations to limit employee redundancy as a result of technological innovation.ReferencesAbernathy, W.B. (2011). An analysis of the effects of selected management practices on organizational productivity and per formance. movement Improvement, 50(6), pp.39-47.Acemoglu, D. (2011). Skills, tasks and technologies Implications for employment and earnings. Handbook of Labor scotchs, 4, pp.1043-171.Antonelli, C. (2014). The economics of innovation, new technologies and structural change. New Jersey Routledge.Autor, D., Levy, F. & Murnane, R. (2003). The skill heart and soul of recent technological change An empirical exploration. The Quarterly journal of Economics, 118(4), p.12791333.Ayres, R.U. & Warr, B. 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