Environmental law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental law - Essay Example h which encourages the organizations to conserve the environment by promising them tax reduction and incentives as a reward for compliance with the set rules (Hatch, 2006). In direct control, the government sets rules to be followed by any company in connection with environmental conservation, failing which sanctions may befall the company that fails to follow the set rules, e.g., facing prosecution in court. Hatch (2006) argues that alternative methods concentrate on market oriented approaches to pollution where they always encourage companies to regulate their emissions as they continue to produce, rather than on direct control which must be followed, failing which the company is closed and banned from operating. This appears to discourage production. The alternative methods also give different measures to firms depending on their size and production capacity unlike the direct methods which give uniform rules to be followed by all firms, hence disadvantaging the small and young businesses. One alternative approach that can best be applied in the industrial sector is the trading scheme approach. It helps to provide a cost effective solution to enhance achievement of a clean environment as firms are given opportunity to make environment improvement and conservation to their place of choice (Hatch, 2006). The schemes are formed to allow firms to trade in waste with an aim of delivering environmental objectives at a lower cost. They adopt a variety of ways to engage in waste and emissions trade as they deal with the use of resources such as water with the sole aim of addressing waste management, thus reducing environmental pollution. In the end, firms using this approach must have enough wealth to cover their waste and emissions within the given time for them to go on operating (Hatch,

Examine the use of the dramatic monologue Essay Example for Free

Examine the use of the dramatic monologue Essay Examine the use of the dramatic monologue in the poetry of Carol Ann Duffy Unlike the soliloquy, the dramatic monologue speaks directly to the reader and voices a single character or personas thoughts, this offers a better understanding of the ideas and message the poet is trying to express. The dramatic monologue is used to form a bond or relationship between the speaker and the reader, taking the poem to a personal level, and in turn more effective in conveying a certain message. This essay will explore the way the dramatic monologue is used in both Demeter and Mrs. Midas by Carol Ann Duffy, taken from her collection of poems The Worlds Wife. The phrase, Behind every great man there is said to be a great woman comes to mind when reading The Worlds Wife. The title of this collection reveals much about its content and Duffys intentions. The Worlds Wife places emphasis on the wife, giving the woman the centre stage and allowing her the chance to speak through the medium of the dramatic monologue. From Mrs. Midas to Mrs. Beast, Duffy explores the thoughts and feelings of the women behind famous men, be it through history or through myth or fairytale, Duffy makes it very clear that every woman has a tale to tell. Mrs. Midas tells the untold story of the well-known Greek myth King Midas, who is miraculously, granted the wish of turning everything he touches into gold. As with all the poems in The Worlds Wife, the title is a clear giveaway of what the poem is about to entail, and this is no different. Mrs. Midas, the wife of King Midas is the persona of this particular monologue and here she voices her thoughts on her husbands newfound ability. The kitchen filled with the smell of itself. This personification continues through the first stanza of Mrs. Midas. Its steamy breath and wiped the others glass like a brow, personifies the kitchen Mrs. Midas is in to help you relate to the familiar homely setting that surrounds her. The effect of this is that you feel how she feels at that time, safe, happy and without a care in the world. The lines begun to unwind and the imagery of her relaxing to a glass of wine enforce this feeling. The use of dramatic monologue helps to dramatise the final line of the stanza, He was standing under the pear tree snapping a twig, the descriptive lines before this contrasts with the abrupt change of topic, this prepares you for the turning point in her story, where the twist to her tale begins. Within the next few stanzas Mrs. Midass tone dramatically changes from feeling relaxed and happy to shocked and horrified at what her husband has done. He came into the house. The doorknobs gleamed. He drew the blinds. The short sentences evoke a feeling of everything happening too fast, supporting the shocked and horrified mood, which continues to the next stanzas. The first point of the poem in which you hear of her husbands reaction is where he laughs in reply to her question, What in the name of God is going on? Duffy has intended his initial reaction to be laughter instead of explaining himself to portray the stereotypical man that doesnt show consideration or take the situation or his wife seriously when she clearly needs it. The poem is set out in a structure of eleven stanzas consisting of six lines where only two exceptions of this rule is made. He toyed with his spoon, then mine, then with the knives, the forks. The word forks takes a line by itself to help you imagine the way in which Mrs. Midas is speaking to you, she is clearly still in a state of shock and this new line marks a short pause in her speech where she is struggling to stay calm. You see, we were passionate then, where then is on a line by itself it is as though Mrs. Midas has taken a short moment to imagine those happy times when they were passionate, appreciating them as those days are now long gone. I locked the cat in the cellar, The toilet I didnt mind. Like in much of her work, Duffy implements short spouts of humour throughout the poem, the effect of this is that the colloquial language engages the reader and helps to support the idea that Mrs. Midas is actually voicing her tale to the reader personally. Mrs. Midas speaks bitterly about the fatal consequences her husband has bought to their marriage, Separate beds. In fact, I put a chair against my door, near petrified, she also reminisces of the days when they were happy and uses words such as unwrapping which connotes the excitement she once felt. Contrasting the good times they had together with the breakdowns of their marriage they are experiencing now highlights the selfishness and lack of thought her husband had for their relationship. The poem ends with Mrs. Midas being forced to separate from her husband. He is left secluded on his own in the wilds away from people he can potentially harm. The irony of this is that he had hoped the power of the golden touch would win him prosperity, popularity and love and respect by all, and yet it has forced him to live alone for the rest of his life, unable to ever be intimate with his wife again, and unable to enjoy the things he had hoped money would buy him. but the lack of thought for me. Pure selfishness.

Tom Wolfe’s: O Rotten Gotham Essay -- New York City Literature Transpo

Tom Wolfe’s: O Rotten Gotham â€Å"It got to be easy to look at New Yorkers as animals, especially looking down from some place like a balcony at Grand Central at the rush hour Friday afternoon.† (Tom Wolfe). â€Å"O Rotten Gotham† argues that New Yorkers are in a state of behavioral sink. It would not be long before a â€Å"population collapse† or a â€Å"massive die off†. Throughout the article, Wolfe made his opinion clear. He believes everything New Yorkers go through is unhealthy and inhumane. Humans were compared to rats using the overcrowding, the ways of life, and the filth as examples. From the adrenaline rushes and car horns to helicopter noises and constant overcrowding, New York City is a constant stress causing environment. Dr. Hall, another author presented in the article, saw this overcrowding in the city causing a lot of problems. He states that work takes place in massively congested areas such as small cubicles in offices. This, however, is not just a problem in New York City. All across the US people are confined to a cubicle for their work space. It is not the end of the world either. You are there a certain amount of hours a day, and when workers come home they can relax and spread out. New York City homes are not the most spacious, but they are not as bad as being in a cubicle. Wolfe really makes you look at the differences your environment can make and how it affects its citizens. One with no knowledge of city life would probably be disgusted of it after reading this article. If they were looking to move to New York City, they would most probably think it through again. Who would want to live in filth with animals? What Wolfe doesn’t mention in his article are all of the good things about New York City.... ...ace to place to fit the needs of the area. When you listen to Wolfe, you get one side of the story. Without knowing the other side anyone would agree with him and his opinions. Thirty years ago the city was on its way to a massive behavioral sink, but has been cleaning up its act. The streets, subway systems, workplaces, and attractions have all cleaned up and done there part. More and more people are living in the city. Wolfe believes that this city is on its way to the sink, but the city is proving him wrong. SOURCES: Anderson, Chris and Runciman, Lex. A Forest of Voices: O Rotten Gotham. Peter. www.citynoise.org/index.php?article=610 O’Sullivan, David. Morehead State University student from Yonkers New York. Crime Rates and New York City. http://www.policetalk.com/nyc_crime_rate.html NYC Subway Systems. http://www.ny.com/transportation/subways/

Meditation

Meditation is believed to have originated from the followers of Buddhism.   Buddhist teaching of Nirvana or the end of suffering may be attained by cultivating within oneself the values of morality, mindfulness and wisdom.   The means to Mindfulness is through Meditation, the ancient Buddhist ritual. Meditation has been with the world for thousands of years.   It has evolved from its spiritual origin and is practiced today for health, therapeutic and wellness reasons as well.   They have several techniques like, Breathing, Transforming, and Transcendental.  Ã‚   The basic components that must be present in meditation are:   a quiet place, a relaxed posture, deep concentration, and open mind. Apart from the religious relevance of Meditation, it also has its practical importance in our modern and daily existence.  Ã‚   Life these days can be so rushed.   Most of the time, our energy is sapped and we are over-fatigued.   We work more, relax less.   Our health can be negatively affected.   If we stop for a few minutes and do Breathing Meditation we will calm our nerves and reduce our stress. Meditation helps change mental attitudes.   When our minds are troubled, we are generally unhappy.   With Transforming Meditation we focus on pleasant thoughts and become individuals with peaceful and happy dispositions.   Transforming Meditation is a common spiritual exercise of the Buddhist religion. Worldly concerns fill our minds with worries.   We need to relieve our minds with this mental garbage and unwanted burden.   Then and only then will we truly be liberated and in the process find peace of mind and gladness of heart.   Even if we have the best things in life, these Page 2 3/31/2017 would not necessarily make us happy.   It would be inner calm and quiet that would make for lasting and real joy, even in the most challenged situations.   Such state could be attained if we are trained in the ways of Meditation. Controlling the mind is difficult.   The mind is pliant that it goes with the flow of circumstances.   When everything goes the way we want them to go, then we are pleased.   If it is contrary to how we want things to be, we feel bad.   These things, pleasant and unpleasant, affect our disposition in life.   Our being happy or sad depends on the occurrences in our daily existence.   With Meditation we will learn to control our mind and consequently our heart, the seat of our emotions.   Meditation creates an inner balance in us and it enables us to take both the difficult and smooth times with equanimity. Meditation drives away negative attitudes that cause us misery.   When we resort to meditation as a routine we train our minds to focus on the positive.   This way, we always see the bright side of life. Most wellness clinics promote the practice of Meditation.   Wellness through Meditation relaxes the body, calms the mind and soothes the soul to combat diseases and illness.   Research is also ongoing to find conclusive health benefits of Meditation.   They are optimistic that Mediation may help find cures for certain diseases and medical conditions.   â€Å"Meditation for health purposes is a mind-body practice in complimentary and alternative medicine†¦..   There are many types of Meditation.   A conscious mental process using certain techniques, such as focusing attention or maintaining a specific posture – to suspend the stream of thoughts and relax the mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NCCAM, 2007). As an alternative and complement to conventional medicine, Meditation may be used to heal mind and body maladies.   Health and medical practitioners study the relationship of man’s brain, mind, body and his behavior and their reactions to each other.   They are hoping to use the mind to influence the other body functions.   Some health problems are caused or associated with the emotional, mental, social, spiritual and behavioral state of the individual.   Examples of these ailments are:   anxiety, pain, depression, low self-esteem, mood swings, stress, insomnia and the physical and emotional pain of heart diseases, HIV/AIDS and cancer. Meditation helps patients handle their medical condition better through awareness and acceptance.   While meditating, a person concentrates on his body experience minus the distractions.     Ã‚  The person is allowed to experience the sensation without the deductive reaction.   The body is allowed to calm down, rest and relax. Managing stress, ability to cope, and therapeutic relaxation complement cure for disorders accompanied by pain like arthritis.   In other cases and disorders, prior to surgery, patients are made to undergo relaxation procedures that may lessen pain and shorten recovery time.   Studies continue to find how mind-body interventions may be applied to the psychological part of treating patients with chronic ailments and as well as that in need of palliative care. Meditation is many things to many people, a practice that has been handed down through generations.   It promotes the concept of mind power in combating ailments, in de-stressing, in enhancing one’s spirituality, conquering pain, training the mind and heart to things positive, and self-healing.   The benefits of meditation extend from the spiritual, mental, psychological to the physical circumstances of people.   They have calm, happy, positive and healthy outlook in life. Generally, meditators were transformed and have transcended. References Dharma. (2007). Meditation and Mental Culture.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 Dharma. (2007). The Noble Eight-fold Path.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://dharma.nef.ca/introduction/truths/NobleTruth-4html How to Meditate.Org. (2002-2003). How to Meditate.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://www.how-to-meditate.org/ NCCAM. (2007, August 22). Meditation.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/ NCCAM. (2007, August 3). Meditation for Health Purposes. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm NCCAM. (2007, July 13). Mind-Body Medicine: An Overview. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/mindbody.htm         

What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia?

What did it mean to be modern in early twentieth century East Asia? In the early 20th century, East Asia went through a process of modernisation to cope with the challenges brought by the Western powers. This process of modernisation was characterised by numerous features, ranging from military, political, economic, industrial and technological reforms to changes in the legal, administration, diplomatic as well as education and women. There were long term socio-political and cultural impacts which shaped the modern East Asia in the early 20th century.While modernisation was in no way equivalent to Westernisation, many in the early 20th century saw the West as a model for modernisation. Modernisation in East Asia was thus more often than not taken as a process of learning from or even imitating the West. This essay will argue that Japan, Korea and China shared similar themes in the path towards modernity even though they developed in different ways. One of the most important steps tow ards modernisation for all 3 regions of East Asia was the reform (increasing levels of freedom) for women.In the early 20th century Japan, Korea and China underwent economic and industrial development taking the first steps towards modernisation. However, the significant difference lay in the fact that Korea underwent this process of industrial and economic modernisation under Japanese colonial rule therefore one may argue that the significance of their development was much greater. Japanese corporations took advantage of international technological and managerial innovations often called the â€Å"second industrial revolution†. Japan’s electrical technology became second to none.Electric street cars appeared in Tokyo in 1904, several years after they had appeared in Seoul. Of Japanese households, 85% had electricity in 1935, compared to 68% in the United States. Techniques of mass production required both standardised equipment and scientific management or Taylorism, an American theory of rational labour practice that Japan adapted to make the work force more efficient. A dual structure characterised Japan’s modern economy. Therefore, for Japan modernisation meant a rise in industrial advances and production thus a booming economy.Scholars’ views of Korea’s colonial period generally divide into two broad categories. The first takes a negative view of Japan but the second fits the colonial experience into major trends that lasted to the end of the 20th century. This included abolishing inherited social status as a barrier to advancement; liberating women from male domination; introducing modern mass media and popular culture; creating a modern economy through heavy investment in railroads, bridges and harbours; establishing a modern financial sector in the 1920s; and industrialising the peninsula in the 1930s.A small middle class of businessmen and shopkeepers arose and half million farmers were converted to factory workers a nd miners. In retrospect, the most important economic contribution was Japan’s use of state-led industrialisation involving planning and controls of all kinds in the process of late industrialisation to catch up to the advanced economies of western imperialists. Colonial economic policy aimed at expanding agricultural production by investment in reclamation, irrigation, chemical fertiliser and the introduction of new seeds to grow rice for export to Japan.Some people benefited more than others out of the economic boom in Korea from 1910-1925. This economic boom saw a rise in the price of rice. Korean landlords most of whom were Yangban (landed or unlanded aristocracy), fared far better than sharecroppers and Japan succeeded in winning tangban landlords compliance to colonial rule by granting them noble titles and guaranteeing their private property rights. As a result landlords took little part in the development of active nationalist resistance to Japanese rule.Taking this i nto consideration it is not unreasonable to suggests that while Japanese colonial rule brought about tyranny, exploitation of the Korean economy, its reduction of the mass of the population to bare subsistence and its attempt to obliterate Korean culture without granting equal citizenship rights it also encouraged developmentalism thus a profound increase in economic development. World War One gave China’s businesses and industries a chance to flourish.Britain, France, Germany and Russia were preoccupied with what was happening in Europe and no longer had spare goods to export. Imports from the West thus dropped dramatically, giving Chinese manufacturers a chance to sell more profitably. At the same time, the demand for products from China increased dramatically, giving Chinese manufacturers a chance to sell more profitably. At the same time, the demand for products from china increased helping china’s export industries. The number of Chinese textile mills increased fr om 22 in 1911 to 109 in 1921.Tonnage of coal produced grew from 13 to 20 million tons between 1913 and 1919. Modern banking took off: between 1912 and 1923, the number of modern banks increased from 7 to 31. Telephone and electric companies were formed not only in major cities but also in county seats and even in market towns. New fortunes were made. For instance, the Rong brothers from a family of merchants in Wuxi built a flour mill in 1901 and another in 1913. As opportunities opened up, they built eight new factories between 1914 and 1920 expanding into textiles.Therefore, like Japan and Korea, modernisation for China also meant an increase in industrialisation and economic production which brought the first steps towards modernity in the early 20th century. In Japan the path towards modernisation also meant the adoption of constitutional government and an imperial democracy. After the Meiji restoration in 1868, it provided for a form of constitutional monarchy, in which the emp eror of Japan was an active ruler and wielded considerable political power over foreign policy and diplomacy which was shared with an elected Diet.The Diet primarily dictated domestic policy matters. After the Meiji restoration, which restored direct political power to the emperor, Japan underwent a period of political and social reform and modernisation aimed at strengthening Japan to the level of the nations of the Western world. The immediate consequence of the constitution was the opening of the first parliamentary government in Asia. In the early 20th century the struggle for democracy engaged academic theorists, journalists, feminists, outcasts and working men and women who expressed themselves in riots and in efforts to organised unions.For Japanese intellectuals liberalism meant representative government, constitutionalism, and rule by law. It meant individual rights and freedom from undue governmental interference in the individual’s life. It distinguished between th e naturalness of society and the artifice of the state. Intellectuals who professed liberal views jeopardised their careers. For example, Yoshino Sakuzo had to resign his position at Tokyo University because he had argued that people are the basis of the state and the aim of the state is to promote their well-being.The public interest had to in their view, supersede private, partial interests of oligarchs, bureaucrats, politicians and businessmen. Minobe Tatsukichi argued that according to the constitution, the Diet, in particular the lower house was the organ that represented the people. Therefore, it is clear that in Japan modernisation not only meant an improvement in industrial production and economic strength, but more significantly it meant the expression by the people for democracy and new liberal ideas imported from the West.A new modern culture was emerging in East Asia along with education which was emphasised significantly in Korea in the early 20th century. Radio broadca sting began in 1927 under the Japanese Korean broadcasting company and Korean language programs expanded from a third to half of airtime and in 1933 the first all Korean station was allowed. It devoted many programs to Korean history, science, the arts, international affairs, translations of western plays, popular songs with a distinct Korean flavour and standardisation of Korean grammar. In Japan the great Kanto earthquake of 1923 ushered in modern Japanese culture.Modern culture incorporated a second wave of westernisation driven not by national goals but by individual inclinations. After the earthquake, there emerged theatres, galleries, exhibition halls, and rooftop arcades and in 1927 the first subway in Asia connected corporate headquarters in Ginza with movie houses and cafes in Asakysa. The new middle class consumed a modern culture removed from politics. Mass literacy spurred the development of mass media. Self-help books and magazines taught the rudiments of popular scienc e, how to be modern, how to succeed in business and how to create the perfect home environment.Cinemas showed films from abroad alongside domestically produced animated cartoons and historical dramas. This modern mass culture promoted a privatising world of leisure and self-expression. In China the new culture movement took the lead in rejecting traditional values. For example, articles were written that promoted the importance of rejection of Confucianism so that China could attain equality and human rights. Leaders of the movement proposed ending use of the classical literary language because it was a â€Å"dead language† according to Hu Shi.By 1919 New youth written entirely in vernacular Chinese was joined by many other periodicals aimed at young people aspiring for new china. Magazines were filled with articles on western ideas including socialism anarchism, democracy, liberalism Darwinism pragmatism and science. All the major political and intellectual revolutionaries o f the early 20th century spoke out on the need to change the ways of thinking about women and their social roles. Early in the century the key issues were foot binding and women’s education. Anti-foot binding campaigns depicted the ustom as standing in the way of modernisation by crippling a large part of the population. As women gained access to modern education they began to participate in politics. Schools for women were becoming more common in this period. In 1907 the Qing government mandated the opening of schools for girls. By 1910 there were over 40000 girls’ schools in the country, with 1. 6 million students and by 1919 this had increased. Schools offered much more than literacy; they offered a respectable way for girls to interact with unrelated people.After 1920 opportunities for higher education also rapidly expanded leading to a growing number of women working as teachers, nurses and civil servants in the larger cities. At the end of World War One the treat y of Versailles ceded former German holdings in China to Japan instead of returning the territories to China even though China had sent troops to fight with the Allies in Europe. Such unfair treatment sparked a widespread intellectual uprising known as the May 4th movement. Focussing on the need for national strength and modernisation this movement also encompassed widespread cultural and literary innovation.These cultural products also saw new representations of women as two distinct archetypes: the New Woman and the Modern Girl. The new emphasis on women in the early 20th century and the public movements taking place (May 4th) show that to China modernisation meant a more Western liberal approach than ever before. To conclude one may argue that to be modern in East Asia in the early 20th century meant different things to Japan, Korea and China. However, similarities were greatly emphasised. For Japan there developed a robust parliamentary democracy supported by an electorate that encompassed the entire male population.The industrialised economy and modern bureaucracy fostered the growth of a well-educated middle class. Overall modern Japan contained conflicting visions of what it meant to be Japanese. For Korea Japanese colonial rule had both positive and negative effects. It established models for successful enterprises and by breaking down hereditary status barriers it opened opportunities to people previously blocked from upward mobility. By introducing modern education it introduced some Koreans to science, foreign languages and social science and enabled the birth of modern mass culture.In short Japanese colonialism produced wealth and poverty, acceptance and animosity, revolutionary potential and conservative reaction. For China modernisation meant the end of the two thousand years of monarchical government, the importance of nationalism and the emergence of political parties. Through the spread of modern schools and new publications a large proportion of the population knew of western countries and ideas. Radically new ideas such as individualism and democracy were being widely discussed and advocated. However, overall of most importance to the whole of East Asia was the similar way in which women were revolutionised.In Japan, Korea and China one may argue that the process of modernisation had the greatest impact on women and that one of the biggest aspects of adopting a more modern western culture in early 20th century East Asia, was the freedom for women to play more public roles in society. Bibliography 1. Edwin Arnold, Asia’s first parliament: Sir Edwin Arnold describes the step in Japan, New York Times 26 January 1891 2. Ebrey, Walthall and Palais, East Asia: a cultural, social and political history second edition 2009 3. Sarah E Stevens, Figuring modernity: the new woman and the modern girl in republican China volume 15 number 3 2003

Qualitative Validity And Reliability Qualitative Data Collection Coursework

Qualitative Validity And Reliability Qualitative Data Collection Coursework Qualitative Validity And Reliability Qualitative Data Collection – Coursework Example Qualitative Validity and Reliability Qualitative Data Collection. Instruction: Qualitative Validity and Reliability Qualitative Data Collection.1. Throughout the article, the authors establish qualitative validity and reliability through the use of a historical perspective which is heavily laden with statistical information. These statistical information and their historical perspective lay a firm foundation for the proper evaluation of the research article on homeless women with preschool children. Additionally, the sampling choices consisting of two groups of different environments ensured that the research was presented with a case that covered all the possible environments, thereby resulting in a more reliable representation of the issue under research (Creswell 2013, pp. 188). This was further augmented through the use of focus groups as a data collection mechanism, which helped ensure reliable data consequently improving the validity and reliability of the research holistically . 2. The qualitative article primarily uses focus groups to collect the data used in the research article. This is whereby the researchers come up with a conducive setting and ensure that the sampled individuals feel safe about giving out as much information about the topic as possible (Averitt 2003, pp. 85). The safety and confidentiality associated with such focus groups ensures that the data is as reliable and valid as possible. Moreover, the researcher gets to interact with the sample in such a way that he/she experiences the effects of homelessness in the context that it is presented. Women for the focus groups were selected from the two identified shelters based on their adherence to a criteria that filtered them based on having at least one preschool child. These sessions are then recorded, and this is what constitutes the data collection mechanism for the qualitative research.References.Averitt, S. (2003). â€Å"‘Homelessness is not a choice!’ The Plight of Hom eless Women with Preschool Children Living in Temporary Shelters† Journal of Family Nursing, 9(1): pp. 79-100.Creswell, J. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Los Angeles, LA: SAGE Publications.

Special Economic Zone Essay Essays

Special Economic Zone Essay Essays Special Economic Zone Essay Essay Special Economic Zone Essay Essay Essay Topic: Zone One â€Å"A Particular Economic Zone ( SEZ ) is a geographical part that has economic and other Torahs that are more free-market-oriented than a country’s typical or national Torahs. †Nationwide† Torahs may be suspended inside a particular economic zone. The class SEZ screens. including free trade zones ( FTZ ) . export treating Zones ( EPZ ) . free Zones ( FZ ) . industrial Parkss or industrial estates ( IE ) . free ports. free economic zones. urban endeavor zones and others. Normally the end is to increase foreign direct investing. development of substructure and to increase employment. † – Wikipedia On September 10. 2012. at an impressive ceremonial at the Presidency. Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari gave his consent to the Particular Economic Zone Bill 2012. The journey from construct to subscribing took four long old ages but it was deserving the delay. It all began when Pakistan Japan Business Forum. a bilateral Forum that I helped set up. floated the thought of a dedicated SEZ for the Nipponese investors. The ball got turn overing when Salim Mandviwalla. the energetic Chairman of Board of Investment embraced this thought and motivated his squad to fix an attractive SEZ bundle. It was approved in 2008 by the Economic Coordination Committee of the Cabinet while the Federal Cabinet accorded blessing in rule for induction of statute law in 2010. The Council of Common Interests besides discussed this measure due to debut of 18th Amendment. CCI approved the measure in August 2011. The Senate accorded blessing in January 2012 and National Assembly on July 13. 2012. The Act would let Developers and Zone Enterprises to be after and run in an enabling environment that would include security. safety. handiness of physical and societal substructure. and entree to all inducements. installations. and regulations of concern. The cardinal facet of the Act is the formation of a high-octane Board of Approval with the Prime Minister as the Chairman. This. in itself. manifests entire commitment towards development and success of SEZs. The salient characteristics of the Act include the blessing of Zones non less than 50 estates. Upto 30 % of the Zone could be used for societal substructure. This would be attractive for those puting and working in any peculiar Zone. The authorities would guarantee the proviso of public public-service corporations and transit links upto the zero point of the Zone. Furthermore. the authorities would advance the acceptance of simplified administrative processs for SEZs with relevant Federal and Provincial governments and bureaus. Such facilitative processs include issue of licences. licenses and blessings. satisfactory imposts and other documental demands. easy fulfilment of revenue enhancement or responsibilities duties. and support and mandate of modern agencies of communicating and e-governance. The country’s labour Torahs would be every bit applicable to the Zone Enterprises excessively. Furthermore. the Board of Approval may. after audiences with concerned Ministries and governmental bureaus. issue particular regulations for employment of non-Pakistanis in cardinal managerial and proficient places. These relate to issue of visas. impermanent abode licenses. every bit good as impermanent work licenses. Their dependants would be facilitated though these particular regulations. Each Zone shall be designated either as a Free Trade Zone. Export Processing Zone. Multilateral Economic Zone. Regional Development Zone. Reconstruction Opportunity Zone. Hybrid Export Processing Zone. Sector Development Zone. or Extra-Territorial Zone depending on specified features. An ETZ would be out of the scope of the imposts district of Pakistan so that transit of goods and proviso of services from and to these countries and to and from the imposts district of Pakistan shall be considered as export and import. They would acquire the same intervention for discounts and other advantages. All inducements under this Act shall be in add-on to all inducements. benefits and protections that may be applicable to Developers and/or Zone Enterprises under by and large applicable statute law and international understandings of Pakistan. These benefits shall non be withdrawn prematurely and any alterations shall be to the advantage of the Developer or the Zone Enterprise. Developers shall be entitled to the undermentioned benefits: ( a ) One clip freedom from all imposts responsibilities and revenue enhancements for all Capital Goods imported into Pakistan for the development. operation and care of a SEZ entity. capable to confirmation and blessing from Board of Investment. ( B ) Exemption from all revenue enhancements on income accruable in relation to the development and operation of the SEZ for a period of 10 old ages. get downing from day of the month of sign language of the development understanding. All Zone Enterprises shall be entitled to the undermentioned benefits: ( a ) Exemption from custom responsibilities and revenue enhancements on imports of capital goods into the SEZ for installing there ( B ) Exemption from all revenue enhancements on income for a period of 10 twelvemonth get downing from the day of the month the Developer certifies that the Zone Enterprise has commenced commercial operations with the relevant SEZ. A really relevant characteristic is the alternate difference declaration clause. It would be advisable to use the expertness available at Karachi Center for Dispute Resolution to fix an effectual mechanism for a mediation procedure so that the investors and developers can use their energies towards the success of their enterprises. Pakistan is strategically well-placed to be the ideal centre for puting up industries to provide to the Middle East. Central Asiatic Republics. and Afghanistan markets. The state besides welcomes import-substitution industries. The future benefits of the Act for Zone Enterprises would be immediate nest eggs in revenue enhancements. responsibilities. and other front-loading charges. a safe and unafraid working environment. discriminatory intervention of merchandises and services ( such as Reconstruction Opportunity Zones construct initiated by US Government but remains in oblivion boulder clay this twenty-four hours ) . and. more significantly. accessible domestic and planetary markets. The assorted bilateral Forums. FPCCI. the Chambers and Associations. every bit good as Pakistani diplomats based in foreign states must advance the SEZ Act. The Prime Minister should order the puting up of SEZ Authority and rede the provincial authoritiess to put in gesture programs to set up the Provincial SEZ Authority in their several states. Hopefully. Chairman BOI must hold set up the relevant substructure in the Board so that the foundation for execution of the Act is steadfastly established. Pakistan desperately needs foreign direct investing and the Particular Economic Zone Act is the Motorway on which FDI will well come in this state.

How to Publish an Ebook A Simple Ebook Publishing Guide to SELL

How to Publish an Ebook A Simple Ebook Publishing Guide to SELL How to Publish an Ebook: A Simple Ebook Publishing Guide to SELL Learning how to publish an ebook can be pretty painful without the right process. With kindle direct publishing, Amazon publishing, and other forms of self-publishing at your disposal, it can even be easy with our help.We get how much information is out there about learning how to publish an ebook. Here are the steps for how to publish an ebook:Write a strong bookCreate an Amazon KDP accountFormat your ebook for publishingUpload your ebook to KDPChoose your ebook publish dateBuild your book launch teamCreate hype for your ebookPublish your ebook!Create emphasis for it on your siteWith all the different types of advice, how do you know what to follow and what will just elongate your already lengthy process?Since we specialize in self-publishing, we can easily teach you how to publish an ebook without all the fuss and fluff that can bog you down along the way.Why write an ebook?The ever-rising trend of ebooks should be more than enough of a reason to write and publish your own ebook b ut if you’re not quite sold, we’ll break it down a bit further. Here are the benefits of an ebook:In 2018, ebook sales are projected to account for about one quarter of global book sales.Ebooks sell easier onlineEbooks can be used to grow your business more so than physical booksYou make a bigger profit from ebooksYou can grow your blog and its incomePassive incomeYou help save trees!You can embed links directly to your site and products you sellThey’re cheaper to produceMany authors choose to sell both physical copies and ebooks when they write a book but you can easily sell only ebooks and reap all of the benefits above.Now that you know the why, let’s talk about how to publish an ebook.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereHow to publish an Ebook on AmazonAmazon is the biggest retailer online and with the world of book-bu ying migrating and settling on the internet, Amazon is the place to publish.Here’s how you can publish an ebook on Amazon with Kindle Direct Publishing.#1 Write a book worth buyingThere’s no point in publishing a book that’s not your best work. But if you’re not much of a writer or have no idea how to write a book in the first place, that can make this entire process much more daunting. In order to write a great ebook to sell on Amazon or even on your own website, you first have to pick a book idea that you’re passionate about. Remember, you’ll be writing up to and even more than 25,000 words so you want to make sure you have a topic you know a lot about and love.Here are the overall steps for writing a book and getting it ready for publication:Choose an ideaCome up with a good book title and subtitle Create your mind mapWrite a thorough outline from your mind mapSchedule your writing time and get your book done!Thoroughly self-editHire an editor to ensure perfectionHire a book cover design artist to bring your book to lifeThis might seem overwhelming but I promise, it’s not. We even have free training for you to understand exactly what it takes to write and publish your book.#2 Create your Amazon KDP accountLearning how to publish an ebook means navigating the online space in a way you may not be familiar with, like using Amazons Kindle Direct Publishing to get your ebook out into the world.Setting up your KDP account is actually really easy. Here’s all you have to do:Visit https://kdp.amazon.com and create an account. You can either use your existing Amazon account or a different email address.Set up all your tax information. You can’t submit your published ebook unless you have all of these steps completed.Once your tax information is all filled in, hit â€Å"Finished† and you’re all done.See? It’s pretty easy and simple to use from there. If you’re having trouble, we detailed more in-depth instructions over here. #3 Format the ebook properlyBook formatting is really, really important. If you just upload your manuscript as is, you’ll run into a number of different problems.And this is awful because with the â€Å"Look Inside† feature Amazon offers, anyone can see the formatting of your book right away.If it’s bad and difficult to read, they’ll avoid buying your ebook and your sales will tank.Most people hire a professional to format their book to ensure everything looks great but we also have a guide to help you format your book properly.#4 Upload your ebook to KDP accountThis is a very simple step for publishing an ebook. All you really have to do is â€Å"plug and chug,† as they say.You have all of the information you need and now it’s just about uploading your formatted manuscript to your KDP account and filling in the information you need to.That means you’ll need to fill out the title, su btitle, and the description.Now, you really don’t want to write a boring â€Å"filler† description. After the cover, this is the single most important part of publishing an ebook.If people aren’t sucked in by your description, they won’t buy your book.Here’s an example of a killer description that has helped sell thousands of copies of this book:#5 Choose a launch dateBelieve it or not, there are actually good and bad days to launch your book. Typically speaking, the winter holiday season is the worst time to publish a book simply because the advertising market will be super saturated.Everyone is putting their best ads forward so they can reap the rewards of those holiday spending dollars.And although this might seem like the perfect time to launch, it’s actually one of the worst.Your book can easily become lost in the hype of literally every other book and product marketed during that time.If you want to launch a book during thebest possib le time for its sales, use this guide below:Month to LaunchGood ForBad ForJanuarySelf-help, goal setting, inspirational/motivationalSummer-focused reads, fictionFebruaryLove, romance, poetryFiction, recipe booksMarchBaseball books, sports, spring, women's booksSelf-help, holidayAprilReligious, Easter, memoirs, World War II, FictionLove/romance, winter/holidayMaySummer reads, fiction, history, parentingRomance/love, self-helpJuneContemporary fiction, fatherhood/parenthoodDiet/exercise, romanceJuly/AugustFiction, heavier reading materialsHoliday, self-helpSeptemberHistory, politics, memoirs, school, collegeFiction, romance/loveOctoberMysteries, horror, thrillers, dark nonfictionLove/romance, happily-ever-afters, self-helpNovemberCookbooks, holidays, religion, children's booksSelf-help, romance/loveDecemberGenerally avoid launching during heavy buy/ad monthsMost books#6 Put together your launch teamThis is such an important step when it comes to self-publishing an ebook. What you real ly need is a great group of people who can help launch your book to heights you wouldn’t reach otherwise.If you want to learn more about how a launch team can hep you, check out the video below: Your launch team should be composed of people who:Love your bookWant to help youAre very enthusiastic about your bookHave some sort of following or online presenceAre fans of you and your workSince youre trusting these people to help get the word out, make sure they’re all committed. A great way to do that is to have an online application form that each person has to fill out.This will help narrow down those who are serious about helping you and will put in the time and effort to do so.Make sure to also check out this guide to building and managing your book launch team.#7 Build hype for your ebook on your website or blogMany who publish ebooks usually have a website or blog they can use to drive traffic to it. Not only that, but some actually use the ebook as a lead magnet an d even the main source of income on their site.And publishing a book even just an ebook can do wonders for growing your online business as well.What you have to do before your launch is to build interest about the ebook.Heres how you can build hype for publishing your ebook:Link to your book within blog postsCreate blog posts related to the topic of your bookCreate graphics for your book and place in your sidebar and within blog postsCreate a graphic to use on the front page of your websiteCreate an email sequence to sell your book (this is for those more advanced with a larger email list)Continuously look for ways to integrate your book into blog post ideas and on social mediaThe idea with optimizing your website with your book is to convert your blog followers into customers and to give those coming to your website from your book the content they’re actually looking for.All of this builds fans and most importantly, a loyal and engaged following!For example, we use Chandle r Bolts bookPublished. as a main point of interest on our website. This gives those who are already interested in the publishing industry something of high value right off the bat.#8 Publish your ebook!It’s time to kick off your ebook and launch! If you’ve followed the steps above, then you’re ready to get your book published and start reaping the rewards.The best part about publishing an ebook is that you don’t have to worry about ordering prints and going through the proofs and the entire process of adjusting how they look.Once the ebook format is complete, that’s all you need to concern yourself with in terms of delivery!Your launch day is very important and exciting.Make sure your launch team is ready for a day of sharing and even some activities.It’s best to host activities that your audience can actually engage in. Some fun launch day activities include things like hosting a live webinar, doing a QA on Twitter or Facebook or your pref erred platform, sending out an email to your entire email list, and any other fun pursuit your readers will benefit from.Get together with your launch team beforehand and have everyone brainstorm some launch day events. You can even give prizes to those whose ideas get used!#9 Create emphasis of your book on your webiste, social, or email listNow is the time to leverage that book!Writing the ebook itself isn’t the hardest part of this process; making continuous sales is. And the best way to ensure you keep pushing buyers to your book is to make it the focus of your blog and website.Plus, if you have those great reviews from your launch team, you can actually leverage those to make more sales.Place reviews on your website on the same page your book is linked to. They’re kind of like testimonials for a service. Except, in this case, your service is a book.You can feature them on your website wherever you want.Obviously, if you’re someone who only wants to sell yo ur ebook, a blog or website might not even be something on your ebook publishing to-do list.You should, however, think about creating a website to at least host your book and information on in case others want to find you and even connect with you about speaking engagements and other amazing opportunities a book can grant you.Are you ready to succeed with your book?Learning how to publish an ebook isn’t easy and it’s even more difficult without knowing exactly what to do next.So if you’re looking to write and publish your ebook anytime soon, follow these steps to get ahead of the curve and set yourself up for real success!#1 Sign up for your free training!That’s right! We’re offering you FREE training that’ll help you learn exactly what you need to do to go from blank page to published author in as little as 90 days and yes, it’s perfect even if you’re just going to publish an ebook.

The Role of Insurance Companies and Real Estate Investment Trusts in Assignment

The Role of Insurance Companies and Real Estate Investment Trusts in Serving the Individual, Industry and the Property Market - Assignment Example Insurance is the increasing necessity of today’s life. Insurance companies are the best and the only place that can offer insurance. The increasing importance of the insurance companies can be realized by the fact the increasing role that insurance companies are playing in the lives of the individuals, industry and the market. The role of insurance companies can be categorized as hedging risk and capital formation. Insurance companies are a big help in hedging many different types of risks that can result in minimizing the losses. Another role of an insurance company is to provide and mobilize resources for the development of any country’s economy. The function of any insurance company is to provide insurance to protect individuals, the industries and the markets against losses that they can not afford. The insurance company does this by transferring the risks of the individuals, industries, business and so to itself. The company then reimburses the affected individual for the losses mentioned in the policy or the agreement. In today’s fast-paced world, where there is no time for the individual to look after their health and lives, insurance companies come to aid. How? The need for people to protect themselves against different risks that life offers, the insurance company provides a vast range of products that cater to the needs of different individuals. Some of the products that insurance company offers are health insurance, life insurance and so on. The need for the type of insurance depends on the people and their needs. Like pointed out before, life is full of unexpected surprises. These surprises can either lead to financial profits or financial losses. For instance, whenever anyone drives, there is always a possibility of running into a severe accident either accident of an individual’s life or that of the property.

Penology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Penology - Essay Example In a bid to understand what happens in prisons, various authors have participated in various writing. Penology was started in the early 40s with Donald Clemmer publishing the prison Community. The work elicited discussions and in 1958, Gresham Sykes published the society of captives, and lately, Ben Crewe’s The Prison Society. This paper seeks to show how the works of the last two authors confirm that prison is a place of order despite the prisoners outnumbering the guards. Adaptation is so strong that anyone who gets used to a particular habit or place will eventually start living as per the requirements of that place. According to Crewe (2009), adaptation is one of the reasons prisons have order yet the number of prisoners tend to more than the guard’s. Psychologically, the prisoners get acquainted to the regulations, and even though there is some form of resistance at the beginning, there tends to be acceptance once it is evident there is no escape route (Lubin and Schneider, 2009; Crewe and Bennett, 2012). That is to say, the prisoners might at first have self-denial on the reality of the prison, as time goes by it becomes apparent that they will not leave until the right time. Consequently, the psychological change occurs causing the prisoners to accept the fate, leading to observing the rules of the facility (Chantraine, 2004; Lerman, 2013). Similarly, Sykes (2007) noted that when the prisoners adapt to the situation, a relationship and interaction starts. For instance, prisoners are often released to carry out various activities including exercising in the yard, watching television, attend religious activities among others, and these activities help in bonding a relationship with the guards. The result sees the prisoners find no reason warranting an escape, and this helps them adopt the prison as another home. Ricciardelli (2014) who noted that once the prisoners accept the prison as another home, there lacks a need to seek an escape

Self Introduction Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self Introduction - Personal Statement Example I strongly understand that every human being deserves a right to be happy and I consider it my personal initiative to guarantee this to every person. I am a strong believer of social justice and I know for certain that every human being should be considered equal. I do not hesitate to do all that I can to ensure that justice prevails in the society particularly for the weak. The desperate and the destitute members of the society are held close to my heart of hearts and I believe they also have reasons to live. Since I was a child, I have always felt pain when I see others suffer. I have realized that I cannot be happy when others are sad and I have believed that the only way to be happy is making other happy. Humility is the driving force towards my good relationship with people, my teachers, friends and family members. However, I am also very assertive especially when my conscience propels me to doing what I fundamentally believe is right. I have no reservation for the course of jus tice and truth. And am always willing to go an extra mile in ensuring that what my conscience considers right is done. I have no apologies at all for doing the right thing. This has sometimes seen a few friends break up with me. However, I lack ability to hold grudges; there is no hate in my heart. Even as they run away from me, I continue treating them with humility and love. With time, they come to realize that after all, I meant no harm. This has made many close friends cling to me amid many challenges. In the field of business, I am very entrepreneurial, inventive and innovative. I have contributed significantly to the growth of my mother’s small shop in town. With the ideas that I constantly give her, she has been able to expand the shop and today it is her main source of livelihood. I particularly imparted into her the idea of taking risks, however I warned her not to take very huge risks are the consequences might sometimes be too great to contemplate. Modesty and humi lity are some of the key attributes that mother has learnt from me. She uses these virtues to relate well to her customers who are mostly low and medium income earners. She constantly tells me that she did not believe she could learn from her son. After all she was supposed to be my role model and I was to learn from her. I have a wide experience in writing. I write articles and poems. Sometimes when I have nothing else to do, I find myself with a pen and a piece of paper. At one point I wrote what went down as a masterpiece article on justice and truth. Then, I was still very young and everybody wondered where I got the ability and the knowledge to write such an impeccable piece. It also goes without saying that I love reading a lot. I read biographies, novels, articles on the social world, psychology, philosophy, religion – comparative religion, Hindu, Islam, Christianity. I have an insatiable thirst for knowledge. I always want to know more. My contributions to the social well being of the society are very immense. Through the articles I have been able to write, people have been enlightened on the importance of justice and truth. I have particularly played a very fundamental role in ensuring that I inform my readers on the value of truth and justice. I have had reservations for dirty, racial and ethnic politics. I believe the most fundamental thing in politics is to judge individuals not on the basis of the depth of their

The Core Benefits of Converse Chucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Core Benefits of Converse Chucks - Essay Example When being produced in the USA, Converse, a company based in the USA, could observe quality control better. The second risk is a loss of control over the Converse product to a certain extent. For example, Indian products might not have the same appearance as an original American product. The first benefit would be the globalization of the product. Instead of selling a product to only Americans, the Converse brand can sell worldwide. The second benefit would be cheaper production in India. Â  marketed its products in approximately 110 countries outside of the United States through subsidiaries, branch offices, independent distributors, and licensees. Non-U.S. sales accounted for 31% of total net sales in 2000. (CVEO Corp.) Â  4. Identify 5 sources of brand equity for Converse and Chuck Taylor AllStars? Basketball shoes are one source of brand equity for Chuck Taylor AllStars. The history of Chuck Taylor AllStars is another source of brand equity. The affordability of Converse is a source of brand equity. The retro/rebel image of Converse is a source of brand equity. Finally, the durability of the brand name is brand equity. Even though Converse went through bankruptcy, the name is known worldwide and in almost every American home. Â  5. Research the current position of Converse in the marketplace. Has it changed strategy since the case was written? If so, how? If not, why do you think they haven’t? Support your answer with an explanation and a source from online research. I believe that the strategy since this case was written is being brought to fruition. Under Nike’s leadership, Converse is growing and thriving.

Post devolution, do separate or dual identities exist in England and Dissertation

Post devolution, do separate or dual identities exist in England and Britain - Dissertation Example Such assumptions were based on the esoteric understandings of the two labels, British and English, and tended to affect the framing of the concept of a so called national identity that were based on territorial differentiation and the respective identities, nature of citizenship, and social inclusion. The nationalistic identity of any state which is dependent on its socio-political characteristics, may go through various transformations (like devolution); and under pressures from the changed local, political, and social conditions, may undergo differentiation. Under changed circumstances the nationalistic identity of ‘Britishness’ may take a back seat, with the regional identity of ‘Englishness,’ eclipsing the former. ... The Existence of Separate or Dual Identities in England and Britain post devolution period 1 Introduction 1.1 Background History â€Å"The history of England [is] not in England but in America and Asia† J.R. Seele Since 1997, United Kingdom has been undergoing devolution as regards to its 4 member states, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. England has been ‘eventually promised’ a new and ‘Greater London Authority,’ with a separate and Assembly and mayor, while separate regionally elected assemblies are also on the annals for England; while the remaining 3 states have been given varying degrees of autonomy in their assemblies. Thus this entire process of devolution spells out into new territorial contours within the realms of United Kingdom. A look at the history shows us that Britain did not quite have a homogenous nature right from the time of its conception, and the then British foreign secretary Robin Cook, ascertained that the concept of this â€Å"homogeneity of British identity that some people assume to be the norm was confined to a relatively brief period. It lasted from the Victorian era of imperial expansion to the aftermath of the Second World War...The diversity of modern Britain expressed through devolution and multiculturalism is more consistent with the historical experience of our islands† (Cook, 2001). The topic or concept of ‘British,’ after being reviewed by various experts has been found to consist of a large and gaping conceptual void (Kumar, 2000, 576). Historical records, in general, are found aplenty, starting with political, constitutional, social, and economic histories of England, yet there has

Western Heritage I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Western Heritage I - Essay Example The Binzantine civilization was predominantly Christian in religion, the culture and language was Greek and the administrative authority was the Roman Empire. This civilization was fortressed such that it was protected from attacks from both sea and land. The Islamic civilization started among the Arabs of Arabia. This civilization was founded by Mohammed, a prophet who lived from 570-632 AD. In terms of religious and political order, Muslims used the Koran, a Holy book. According to the Muslims, their faith was the fulfillment of both Judaism and Christianity. Mohammed played a powerful role in bringing together Arabian tribes who constantly warred and diverted their energy to spreading of the Muslim faith. Mohammed was succeeded by Abu-Bakr, a caliph, who ruled according to Koran. The political system was basically theocratical; the government and religion were one and same thing. The Islamic civilization was characterized by common language, common culture and common faith. The Arab dominance eventually began to wane from the 11th Century. Latin Christendom existed in central and Western Europe. Though Islamic and Byzantine civilizations had immense predominance during their time, neither had as much influence in science, technology, philosophy, economics and politics as did Latin Christendom. During the middle age, Latin Christendom was culturally less advanced than the Eastern Civilizations. However, this changed in the twelfth century as Latin civilization began to advance. In medieval Europe, feudalism referred to a social system in which the lords provided military service for the vassals in exchange for land. This system resulted from the failing dominance of the central authority. The period preceding this was characterized by wars, no public revenues and reducing trade activities. Though it provided a replacement for the former system, it was not in itself organized with a basis of logic and foundational

Post devolution, do separate or dual identities exist in England and Dissertation

Post devolution, do separate or dual identities exist in England and Britain - Dissertation Example Such assumptions were based on the esoteric understandings of the two labels, British and English, and tended to affect the framing of the concept of a so called national identity that were based on territorial differentiation and the respective identities, nature of citizenship, and social inclusion. The nationalistic identity of any state which is dependent on its socio-political characteristics, may go through various transformations (like devolution); and under pressures from the changed local, political, and social conditions, may undergo differentiation. Under changed circumstances the nationalistic identity of ‘Britishness’ may take a back seat, with the regional identity of ‘Englishness,’ eclipsing the former. ... The Existence of Separate or Dual Identities in England and Britain post devolution period 1 Introduction 1.1 Background History â€Å"The history of England [is] not in England but in America and Asia† J.R. Seele Since 1997, United Kingdom has been undergoing devolution as regards to its 4 member states, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. England has been ‘eventually promised’ a new and ‘Greater London Authority,’ with a separate and Assembly and mayor, while separate regionally elected assemblies are also on the annals for England; while the remaining 3 states have been given varying degrees of autonomy in their assemblies. Thus this entire process of devolution spells out into new territorial contours within the realms of United Kingdom. A look at the history shows us that Britain did not quite have a homogenous nature right from the time of its conception, and the then British foreign secretary Robin Cook, ascertained that the concept of this â€Å"homogeneity of British identity that some people assume to be the norm was confined to a relatively brief period. It lasted from the Victorian era of imperial expansion to the aftermath of the Second World War...The diversity of modern Britain expressed through devolution and multiculturalism is more consistent with the historical experience of our islands† (Cook, 2001). The topic or concept of ‘British,’ after being reviewed by various experts has been found to consist of a large and gaping conceptual void (Kumar, 2000, 576). Historical records, in general, are found aplenty, starting with political, constitutional, social, and economic histories of England, yet there has

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Obesity - Essay Example Advances in technology and processes in the last decade for transforming health food (e.g. corn and potatoes) have improved output in food manufacturing. One critical author identifies the manufacturing processes of infusing unnatural flavors into the common potato as a means of enhancing taste for customers. Schlosser offers, â€Å"taste is a method of differentiating food which is good for us from foods that are not† (Schlosser, 122). Thus, the food manufacturing industries recognize that their products are more likely to sell if different artificial flavors are infused into relatively common health agriculture. With more efficiency in these design and process systems, companies are able to add these flavors, consisting of unhealthy artificial ingredients and added fats, at a much cheaper price with faster distribution to retail shelves and fast food restaurants. Such changes in cheaper and more efficient product modification are a marketing tactic which creates a perceived better quality of food over the unmodified health agriculture, such as with the potato processing example. Businesses have learned that such additions of flavor and added fats provide much better profit margins and, in the process, longer shelf and freezer life of these enhanced products over the original agricultural output. It is because of the cheaper production processes and the higher profit by essentially fooling consumers into believing modified foods are a better alternative that enhanced and unhealthy products continue to flood many different food markets. There is also a significant over-reliance on economic models in the food system that leads to obesity problems in the United States. Food producers and agricultural industries do not have the ability to perform their systems autonomous of broader macro-economic conditions. Rising gasoline prices, higher increases in base salaries for manufacturing workers, rising costs of insurance, and other economic circumstances contin ue to raise the price of healthy agricultural output. The Consumer Price Index, a measure of consumer incomes as compared to product pricing, estimates that food inflation will continue at a pace of approximately 2.5 to 3.5 percent through the end of 2012 (Bloomberg, 1). In 2011, it was estimated that food inflation increased by 0.4 percent each month, representing a total food inflation in 2011 at 4.8 percent (Hauser, 1). In total, this represents an increase of approximately 8.3 percent in just two years. These inflationary costs are dictated by all of the aforementioned economic conditions that do not allow businesses to create healthy agricultural output without influence of multiple economic situations. What happens in this over-reliance is that fast food and other processed foods that are able to be distributed at a lower cost actually become more appealing to the strapped consumer in terms of price (Stacey, 1). As one example, the McDonald’s Extra Value Menu priced at $1 significantly outperforms the pricing of healthy grocery store substitutes by nearly 300 percent (or more). The costs of producing a home-cooked meal using health products, such as starches, proteins and vitamin rich vegetables are highly superior to the cheaper and much less healthy fast food alternative. This is why

Health and Social Care Communication Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Communication Essay The communication cycle was discovered by Argyle in 1972. The cycle consists of six areas, all of these six areas are important during communication, if any of these areas of the cycle are disrupted then the receiver would not understand or may interpret the message wrongly. The first stage to this cycle is to have a starting idea or the code of the message; in this stage the mind processes on how the sentence is going to be told, such as the tone of the voice and also what words will need to be used so that the receiver will interpret the message correctly. The thoughts will be put into the language or into some other code such as sign language. The second stage of how to say what you want to say to make sure the receiver understands what you are saying and interprets it how you are meaning them to. see more:promoting effective communication and relationships in health and social care This means what non-verbal language you are going to use as you are talking so they understand what you mean, also the tone. The tone is the key to how the receiver is going to interpret your message. The third stage to the communication cycle is to say it or to send the message, during this stage you will speak or sign or communicate in some way as long as the message is sent. During this stage the environment around you is the key to making sure the receiver can understand the words that you are saying. For example if you are in a loud room, and you are trying to communicate with another person the receiver is more than likely going to get the message you have sent, wrong because the receiver might not be able to hear all of the words that are said. This means that they will have to assume what words were said to make the sentence make sense. The fourth stage is message received, the receiver here hears or sees the words that you have said, and they have heard you properly and not missed any words out because if they have then this is where the communication goes wrong. The fifth stage is message decoded the receiver now has to interpret your message, e.g. what you have said. This is not always as easy as it seems as the other person will make some assumptions about your body language and the words that you have used. The final stage of the communication cycle is message understood, the final stage is the receiver has to understand what your message is through all the correct non-verbal language, and verbal response, if all goes well the cycle is finished. Tuckman made a theory about group discussions in 1965.Tuckman suggested that nearly all groups go through a process involving four stages when they first meet. The stages are called forming, storming, norming and performing. All these stages make the group become stronger and make sure that they are in the correct group. Forming is the first stage of the theory, so when a group gets together, they introduce themselves to the group. Most people have their best faces on and are polite; people do this because of first impressions. First impressions are important to people in the group because the impression a person sets is what other people expect from that person all of the time. Storming is finding out about each other, find out more about each other what people interest and strengths is, this is also the stage where people brain storm. But this is the stage where most people drop out because they find out that this is not the correct group for them. Norming is where the trust begins, this is the stage where team members support others and listen to other team member’s opinion. Everyone seems to get a sense of belonging and the group is now recognised and identified as a group. The final stage performing is where group members can rely on others on helping them if they are needed, where loyalty is high now. People can go in sub groups to get the work done faster. â€Å"Tuckman then added a fifth stage (Adjourning) in the 1970s to cover the end-game in his explanation of how groups develop.† Adjourning was added to end the group when the group finishes and separates as eventually all groups will separate, when groups separate they might have a party, or they might make plans to what they want to do next in life. Tuckman said after completing his theory: â€Å"Groups initially concern themselves with orientation accomplished primarily through testing. Such testing serves to identify the boundaries of both interpersonal and task behaviours. Coincident with testing in the interpersonal realm is the establishment of dependency relationships with leaders, other group members, or preexisting standards. It may be said that orientation, testing and dependence constitute the group process of forming.† (Wolfwise, 2012) It is important to have effective communication in the work of health and social care because if there isn’t effective communication between doctor and patient then the patient will get confused and overwhelmed. They will just want to walk out. It is important that doctors or nurses do not use jargon whilst talking to a patient as this will affect communication dramatically. If the doctor talks in jargon to a patient in the cycle they will only get to stage four because the patients won’t be able to decode what the doctor has just said this means that this communication is ineffective and this will have affected the patient. But if the doctor used language she understood then the patient would understand and would complete the conversation. There are lots of different types of ways to communicate in a health and social care environment there is: one to one, group, formal, informal, verbal, and written and loads more. All of these ways of communicating is great for health and social care all depending on how you use them all. If you use all these but you use them poorly then this is poor communication but if you use them all well then this is obviously good communication. (Developing effective communication in Health and Social Care. June 2011) Developing effective communication in Health and Social Care.

Effect of Climate Change on Pollock Population

Effect of Climate Change on Pollock Population The Population of Pollock Under Climate Change as Determined by Age, Distribution, and Prey Energy Content Abstract Pollock, like many other species, respond to the threats of climate change within their home in the Bering Sea. Living in an ecosystem hugely affected by its seasonal ice sheet, pollock are dependent on the timing and extent of its annual movement. The connection examined in this  paper is the relationship between algal blooms, cold water stratification, juvenile pollock predation, and adult pollock fishery recruitment. As the reach and lifespan of the ice sheet fluctuate, so does the amount of cold water habitat and ice algae that juvenile pollock depend on to survive to adulthood. During a year with an earlier retreat of/or less ice a smaller cold water area is established, leaving juvenile pollock open to their cannibalistic adult counterparts. Also, during such a year, ice algae production does not provide the high energy lipids needed to fuel the juvenile pollock population through their growth. This chain effect, while not threatening for the survival of the entire population , does have significant implications for fishery recruitment. Introduction Climate change as a global phenomenon acts uniquely in different environments to a wide range of possible effects on almost every species. In the Arctic, many of these individual systems draw back to the infamous retreating ice sheet, upon which Arctic species live, hunt, reproduce, and die. One Arctic species with major implications to humans may be experiencing difficulties due to climate change as retreating sea ice alters its habitat in the Bering Sea. Walleye pollock, (Gadus chalcogrammus), is a billion dollar industry in the US. This industry depends on the natural seasonal variability of the Bering Sea ice sheet as it annually descends and retreats over the Bering Sea. This is the environmental clock that marks the algal blooms pollock depend on. In this way, as climate change alters the ice landscape the energy content of the lower food chain is also affected, leading to a possible decrease in survival for adult pollock. Physical Oceanography of the Bering Sea There are three hydrographic areas within the southeastern Bering Sea shelf: the coastal shelf, with a depth of less than 50 meters; the middle shelf, with a depth of 50-100 meters; and the outer shelf, with a depth of 100-200 meters (Bering Sea, 2014). Pollock can be found over most of the Bering Sea, but much of the population and studies occur in the Eastern Bering Sea (EBS), where the research is centered. Pollock spend much of their time over the 500 kilometer wide sea shelf, which is generally less than 180 meters deep (Hunt, et. al., 2011; Bering Sea, 2014). The processes that occur within the central shelf are most critical to pollock. (Stabeno, et. al., 2012) A comparison between the -2 degree water in the cold pool during a warm year (2003) and a cold year (Blue) (2007) with depth contours of the EBS marked. Note that the warm year highlight has been  moved down 2 degrees of latitude to show comparison. The middle part of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf is the region within the Bering Sea most affected by climate change. In this area, a well-mixed water column appears in winter due to the strong winds; however, in summer two clearly separated layers appear. The surface layer of the summer water column is mixed by the wind while the bottom layer is mixed by the tide. The nutrient-rich bottom layer is insulated from warming by the surface layer once the water column stratifies. This insulation during the summer months causes the bottom layer to warm only slightly. Because the temperature of the bottom layer, the cold pool, depends on the water column’s temperature during the  time of stratification, the time of ice retreat affects it greatly (Stabeno, et. al., 2012). The cold pool’s temperature stays below two degrees Celsius for the  summer in cold years when extensive spring ice remains through April, while, during warm years with early ice retreat, the cold pool ’s temperature remains above two degrees Celsius during summer. Seasonal Ice Sheet Data According to historical records, the continuous decline of the Arctic sea ice extent began in the late 1800s and has rapidly increased over the last three decades. The rate of ice loss in this period is unequaled by any other sea ice recession in the last thousand years (Polyak et. al., 2010). Additionally, the annual mean temperature in the Arctic is now measured at being more than 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than it was in the period of time between 1971 and 2000. (Overland, et. al. 2013). Compiled historical records relating to Arctic ice margins have shown that a general retreat of seasonal Arctic ice has been occurring since early in the twentieth century. This retreat has particularly accelerated in the last five decades in regards to both seasonal and perennial ice. Though reliable satellite records of ice margins have only been available since 1979, in the three decades of their existence, the recorded data has exhibited generally negative trends in sea-ice extent; the month of September is particularly significant with a decline of 11% per decade. (Polyak, et. al., 2010). Since the 1980s, Arctic sea ice volume has declined by 75% (Overland, et. al., 2013); between 1982 and 2007, perennial sea ice over five years of age decreased by 56%. The general coverage of perennial ice decreased by 88%, and any ice exceeding nine years of age all but disappeared. (Stroeve, et. al., 2008). A seasonally nearly ice free Arctic, an Arctic devoid of almost all perennial ice, should appear within the next fifty years. (Overland, et. al., 2013; Polyak, et. al., 2010; Stroeve, et. al., 2008). This eventuality will increase Arctic warming and may also affect weather systems that range beyond the Arctic. (Polyak, et. al. 2010). Pollock Pollock, (Gadus chalcogramma) was our main species of consideration. These groundfish are a relative of cod that commonly populate the Eastern Bering Sea. During their growth an individual can be expected to reach 30-91cm. Their range of habitat extends from roughly 100 meters below the surface to 300 meters, but they have been spotted at depths as low as 1000 meters. Pollock, with a twelve year life span, go through several life phases based on age that dictate behavior and position on the food chain. These life phases will be referred to as adult; over two years, or juvenile; less than two years. Juvenile can also be broken into age 0, which hatched that year, and age 1. Distribution of pollock is dependant mainly on age and temperature (by season), and predator locations (Benoit-Bird et. al. 2013). Younger fish generally subsist on zooplankton such as copepods, while adults eat euphausiids (krill), tunicates, copepods, shrimp, and other fish as well as sometimes resorting to cannibalism of juvenile Pollock. Juvenile pollock success is dependent on timing and location overlap with their prey copepods, and they enjoy a much greater overlap during cold years than in warm years (Siddon et. al. 2013). Pollock success is also directly linked to the lipid content of copepod prey sources (Heintz et. al. 2013). For age-0 pollock distribution the factors of original spawning ground and subsequent survival, as well as the regular stresses that produce schooling behavior also  determine success (Benoit-Bird et. al. 2013). Overlap of adult and age-0 pollock that allows for cannibalism happens primarily during autumn and winter while cannibalism of age-1 pollock occurs farther Northwest during the summer months (Mueter et, al, 2011). Implications of Climate Change The warm year vs. cold year effect is a key factor in the distribution of pollock based on their age and prey. Earlier sea ice retreat leads to an earlier plankton bloom, juvenile pollock’s main prey and so those pollock move to and feed in those areas where copepods live off that bloom. For juvenile pollock, this creates a spike of surviving juvenile pollock fueled by the temporarily expanded prey source, but later on in the year pollock cannot get enough energy from their food to survive through the winter, and so later age class populations are reduced. In contrast, algal blooms on the ice sheet in cold years create a higher lipid content copepod source, so the population of pollock can be more abundant (Heintz et. al. 2013). There is a 33% increase (Heintz et. al. 2013) in energy of pollock when a cold year produces high-lipid copepods in overlap with juvenile pollock. In this way the success of juvenile pollock determines the success of the species. The success of juvenile pollock during cold vs. warm years also is affected by distribution. Age 1 pollock can take refuge in the cold pool due to their greater temperature tolerance, while the older fish are pushed to outer shelf outside the cold pool. This keeps adult pollock from cannibalizing their juvenile counterparts in excess. The decrease in cold pool size during warm years reduces the availability of this safe habitat, which causes a cannibalism increase as pollock are the best food for other pollock when copepods and other prey have a low energy content (Siddon, personal communication). With more warm years in the Bering Sea due to climate change, the cold pool will be  warmer and lipid content of copepods will decrease. In this way the population recruitment of pollock will suffer. (Stabeno, et. al., 2012). Human Interactions The pollock catch has annually averaged 1.3 million tons ever since the late 1980s when United States vessels first began fishing for pollock. Today, the pollock fishery is the largest in the United States by volume. Since 1998, pollock prices have hovered at approximately one dollar per pound. A table of age two fish caught shows a correlation between year temperature, or previous year temperature and the amount of two-year-old (new adult) fish caught. The pollock fishery is currently the second largest in the world and made up 61.9% of the total Alaskan groundfish catch in 2012 (Walleye Pollock Research, 2012). The U.S. fishery landed roughly 1.26 million tons between 2012 and 2014. In 2012 the products derived from the catch were worth over 1 billion dollars, and the catch itself valued $343 million. This massive resource fuels the imitation crab industry and is the fillet component in fried fillet sandwiches. This use is in part due to the natural oil content which is both higher than the content in similar species and considered more flavorful. (NOAA, 2014) To a much lesser extent, money from the pollock fishery goes  back into native villages on the west coast of Alaska. This happens through jobs, subsidies and money given back to the tribal government (Pollock Provides, 2008). Recommendations As the amount of pollock recruited to adulthood will greatly deteriorate with the increase of warm years in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, it is to be recommended that fisheries begin to consider the recruitment of other species to serve as a buffer for certain pollock products. Arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), could be a possible alternative to pollock for surimi, which is more commonly known as imitation crab. Though the arrowtooth flounder has not been commercially fished in the past because of an enzyme that quickly breaks down the fish when heated, additives have been developed that can stop the flesh from degrading. These additives will open up opportunities for the arrowtooth flounder’s commercial fishery; its marketability will be greatly benefited as well (Arrowtooth Flounder Overview, 2014; Arrowtooth Flounder Research, 2014). This makes a surimi product that originates from arrowtooth flounder a viable alternative to the current pollock surimi; instituting arrowtooth flounder based surimi products will reduce the human-related strain on the pollock population while also reducing human dependence on the continually deteriorating pollock fishery. Conclusion Pollock is a vital component to the Bering Sea ecosystem, both for the food chain and the humans who fish from it. As the Arctics mean temperature has risen by approximately 1.5 degrees Celsius in the last four decades and the ice sheet volume has decreased by 75% (Overland et. al. 2013), it is reasonable to conclude that the temperature will only rise higher and higher as the Bering ice sheet retreats earlier and earlier. This would greatly affect the southeastern Bering Sea shelf by raising the temperature of the summer cold pool perpetually above 2 degrees Celsius, therefore instituting a repeating cycle of continuous warm years that would be detrimental to pollock population recruitment, as the plankton prey that juvenile pollock depend on would bloom earlier, leaving pollock with less energy during the later months. (Stabeno et. al. 2012; Heintz et. al. 2014). Bibliography Arrowtooth Flounder Overview (2014). Fishwatch.gov. Retrieved from  http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/flounder/species_pages/arrowtooth_flounder.htm Arrowtooth Flounder Research (2014). NOAA. Retrieved from  http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/species/Arrowtooth_flounder.php Benoit-Bird, K. , McIntosh, N. , Heppell, S. (2013) Nested scales of spatial heterogeneity in juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the southeastern Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 484, 219-238. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSP_95_BenoitBird_et_al_MEPS_m484p219.pdf Bering Sea. (2014). North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from  http://www.nprb.org/nprb/aboutus/missionresearchprinciples/scientific-foundation/largemarineecosystems/beringsea. Duffy-Anderson, J. , Mueter, F. , Smart, T. , Siddon, E. , Horne, J. (2014) Young Fish in a Warm Bering Sea. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B53_Duffy_Anderson_press.pdf Heintz, R. , Siddon, E. (2014) Seasonal Bioenergetics in the Bering Sea. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B54_Heintz_press.pdf Heintz, R. Siddon, E. Farley, E. Napp, J. (2013) Correlation between recruitment and fall condition of age-0 pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the eastern Bering Sea under varying climate conditions. DeepSea Research II 94, 159-156. http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSP_93_Heintz_2013_DSR2.pdf Hunsicker, M. , Ciannelli, L. , Bailey, K. , Zador, S. , Stige, L.C. (2014) Climate, Population Dynamics and Predator-Prey Overlap. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSH_60_Climate,_Population,_Predator-Prey.pdf Hunt, Jr., G. L., Stabeno, P., Walters, G., Sinclair, E., Brodeur, R. D., Napp, J. M., Bond, N. A., (2002). Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep Sea Research II, 49, 5821-5853. Hunt, G. L., Coyle, K. O., Eisner, L. B., Farley, E. V., Heintz, R. A., Mueter, F., Napp, J. M., Overland, J. E., Ressler, P. H., Salo, S., Stabeno, P. J. (2011). Climate impacts on eastern Bering Sea foodwebs: a synthesis of new data and an assessment of the Oscillating Control Hypothesis. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Mueter, F. Bond, N. Ianelli, J. Hollowed, A. (2011) Expected declines in recruitment of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea under future climate change. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68(6), 1284-1296. http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1284.full.pdf+html   NOAA (2014, April 29). Alaska Pollock. Retrieved from  http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/pollock/species_pages/alaska_pollock.htm Overland, J. E., Wang, M., Walsh J. E., Stroeve, J. C. (2013). Future Arctic climate changes: Adaptation and mitigation time scales. Earth’s Future, . Retrieved from http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/future/bib/EarthsFutureJEO.pdf Pollock Provides (2008) Coastal Villages Region Fund, Volume 11, Issue 3. Retrieved from http://www.coastalvillages.org/sites/www.coastalvillages.org/files/documents/pollock_provides_special_edition.pdf Polyak, L., Alley, R. B., Andrews, J. T., Brigham-Grette, J., Cronin, T. M., Darby, D. A, Dyke, A. S., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Funder, S., Holland, M., Jennings, A. E., Miller, G. H., O’Regan, M., Savelle, J., Serreze, M., St. John, K., White, J. W. C., Wolff, E. (2010). History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29. Retrieved from http://bprc.osu.edu/geo/publications/polyak_etal_seaice_QSR_10.pdf Siddon, Elizabeth. Personal communication, October 27, 2014, at Thunder Mountain High school from 4:00-4:40 p.m. Siddon, E. , Kristiansen, T. , Mueter, F.J. , Holsman, K. , Heintz, R. , Farley, E. (2013). Spatial Match-Mismatch between Juvenile Fish and Prey Provides a Mechanism for Recruitment Variability across Contrasting Climate Conditions in the Eastern Bering Sea. Stabeno, P. J., Kachel, N. B., Moore, S. E., Napp, J. M., Sigler, M., Yamaguchi, A., Zerbini, A. N. (2012). Comparison of warm and cold years on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf and some implications for the ecosystem. Deep Sea Research II Stroeve, J., Serreze, M., Drobot, S., Gearheard, S., Holland, M., Maslanik, J., Meier, W., Scambos, T. (2008). Arctic Sea Ice Extent Plummets in 2007. Eos, 89. Uchiyama, T. , Kruse, G. , Mueter, F. (2014) Understanding Bering Sea Groundfish Populations. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B75_Kruse_press.pdf Walleye Pollock. (2010). NOAA. Retrieved from  http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Education/factsheets/10_Wpoll_FS.pdf Walleye Pollock Research. (2012, January 1). NOAA. Retrieved from http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/species/pollock.php

Prosopagnosias Affect on Daily Life Essay -- Psychology, Mental Healt

In Psychology, there are a wide range of disorders, all of which disrupt a person’s life at varying levels. As a result of this, the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is used to diagnose a person with a certain disorder and determine the extent to which the disorder affects their ability to function in society. However, the DSM-IV does not address all of the disorders that people can be troubled with. There are four axes to the DSM-IV: axis I which takes into account clinical disorders, axis II looks at personality disorders, axis III diagnoses acute medical conditions, axis IV is psychosocial and environmental factors and axis V determines a person’s ability to function in society. Agnosia is one of the many disorders that cannot be classified under the any of the axes of the DSM-IV although it is a brain disorder. A specific type of agnosia that has recently been heavily represented in the media is prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is a mysterious disorder as the etiology is unknown and there is much variance to the disorder by the individual. As the degree in which this disorder affects the lives of people cannot be determined using typical methods, to what extent does prosopagnosia affect a person’s life? Prosopagnosia is the scientific name for what is commonly known as â€Å"face-blindness.† It is a neurological disorder characterized by a person’s lack of ability to recognize faces (â€Å"Prosopagnosia Information,† 2007). What makes a person having prosopagnosia different than a person who is just â€Å"bad with faces† is that, with prosopagnosia, a deficit in face recognition in the presence of relatively normal object recognition exists (Righart & Gelder, 2007). This means that a person with prosopagnosia cannot recognize... ...Prosopagnosia and PET Study of Normal Subjects [and Discussion]. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. (pp. 55-62). Vol. 335. Royal Society. Shearer, D., and Peter M. (1996). Effect of Facial Familiarity and Task Requirement on Electrodermal Activity. The American Journal of Psychology (pp. 131-37). Vol. 109. University of Illinois. Simulation of Talking Faces in the Human Brain Improves Auditory Speech Rocognition. (2008) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (pp. 6747-6752). Ed. Dale Purves. Vol. 105. National Academy of Sciences. Song, S. (2006). Do I Know You? Time. Weingarten, G. (2008). Losing Face. The Washington Post. Young, A., and Perrett, D. (1992). â€Å"Face Recognition Impairments [and Discussion].† Philisophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. (pp. 47-54) Vol. 335. Royal Society.

Canon Business Analysis Essay

In 1925, a German camera maker named Oskar Barnack, developed a new, ground-breaking camera called the Leica. It was not until 1933 that a company responded to the success of Barnack’s creation and produced their own 35 millimeter version of his innovative design. Thus was born the Canon Company. By the 1950’s, Canon attained the title of leading producer of cameras in Japan. Since that time, Canon has made it a point to expand and diversify their company as much as possible. They are able to accomplish this primarily through a strong Research and Development program. Through this program, Canon has explored many different technologies such as home electronics and x-ray technology. One of the first product areas they explored was in the electronic calculator segment. Due to the complex nature of the technology, Canon’s engineers were forced to adapt and develop the intricate micro-electric processors that were being used. They were very successful in doing this. In late 1964, one year after their research started, Canon engineers presented top management with the finished product, the Canola 130. This product became the world’s first 10-key numeric pad calculator. However, Canon has not always succeeded in their endeavors. With every triumph comes a failure. One such instance was a printing device that utilized magnetic material that would coat the paper. They called this the Synchroreader. Although it was touted for its use of technology, the application, it was not patented. Another company took the design, improved it, and made it more affordable. Canon learned its lesson after that instance. Body In 1961, a new technology was developed by the Xerox Corporation. In the following years, with the success of their model 914 office copier, Xerox would enjoy a reported ninety three percent market share world wide. Xerox also had the advantage in that they held approximately five hundred patents. This tactic prevented other companies from intruding on their Plain Paper Copier (PPC) technology. Canon entered the market late in the 1960’s and was looked at with a skeptical eye. They were the â€Å"camera company from Japan† (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 75) and were not looked at as serious contenders in the photocopy market. Due to the PPC market being cornered by Xerox and their numerous patents, Canon instead moved into the Coated Paper Copying (CPC) market. This technology transfers the reflection of the original image directly to the special zinc oxide coated paper. This is in direct contrast from the PPC technology which uses regular paper and indirectly transfers the image using a rotating drum and charged particles. A similar technology is still being used in fax and photocopiers today. In 1962, while still in the inferior Coated Paper Copying and marketing under a separate name, the Top Management of Canon challenged their engineers to create a PPC process that would not infringe upon the patents held by Xerox. The engineers answered with the â€Å"New Process† in 1968 and became the first copier to carry the Canon name. Two years later the research came to fruition when the NP1100 was released in Japan. This model utilized dry toner and copied at a whopping rate of ten pages per minute. This, of course, is slow by today’s standards. Canon had finally broken into the PPC market. Riding on the success of this new technology, Canon released the NPL7 in 1972, marketing it exclusively to Japanese companies. This model contained several noticeable improvements over the first generation NP1100. Most notably is that the model was â€Å"More economical, more compact, more reliable,† while still keeping the same quality of copy. (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 77) Canon’s Top Management began looking for alternative markets for the Plain Paper Copier in the latter half of the 1970’s. The small office market was identified as Canon’s next target market. They devised a plan to accommodate this market by producing a photocopier, using PPC technology, and offering it to small businesses that did not require the large volume, high speed machines that were currently being offered on the market. The concept itself had the potential to change the market by decentralizing the office photocopier. Prior to this innovation, the photocopier in large offices were centralized to one corner of the office, primarily due to its mammoth size. In 1979, Canon’s concept became a resounding reality. They were able to produce a photocopier that not only met and exceeded the cost and reliability targets that were set by Top Management, but in a more practical application, it was able to reduce the need for constant and continual copier maintenance. Based upon previous experience with patent law, Canon employed the use those laws to protect their new found development. Through the years, Canon has demonstrated several core competencies that have enabled them to propel themselves to the top of the market. First and foremost, Canon has employed a pool of extremely talented engineers who made up Canon’s Research and Development team. Through their research, Canon was able to uncover new and innovative products. This varied product line, which included cameras, calculators, and photocopiers, demonstrates Canon’s diversified product line. This diverse line of merchandise is integral to the company’s survival and has enabled Canon to take a multifaceted approach to technological competition. The more diverse type of products that are offered, the more chances there are for success. This has not always worked out in Canon’s favor however. An example of this would be in the development of the synchroreader. Although the technology was much more advanced than what was on the market, poor marketing decisions and an ignorance of United States patent laws cost Canon that share of the market. Since that time, Canon has taken a step by step approach to their marketing strategies. This is especially apparent with the development and marketing of the NP110 copier. They began by distributing the unit in Japan only in a direct sales format. In doing so a company opens themselves up to the threat of collapse due to spreading themselves too thin. Secondly, we can surmise that an isolated marketing strategy, such as the one that Canon employed when marketing their copier to local Japanese dealers first, will be more effective in the long run. By distributing the product locally at first you can focus on close to home customers rather than across seas customers. Finally, a truly cost effective manufacturing process can be more beneficial at times than the products that come off the assembly lines themselves.