The Travel Expense Billing Controversy Essay Example for Free

The Travel Expense Billing Controversy EssayNeal A. Roberts, an employee of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) found out that his employer was earning millions of dollars a year by way of a billing method that he thought was doubtful. PwC had been collecting expectant rebates on airway tickets and other make a motion costs being super charged as expenses to clients of the firm. These rebates were not being returned to the firms clients in the form of savings, but the firm was keeping these rebates for it.This was weeing, because the firm would bill the clients for the full price of airline tickets and other travel-related expense, but privately, the firm negotiated discounts and rebates that they then got at the end of the year based upon total amounts spent. The clients did not know anything of the back-end discounts and rebates the firm was getting therefore, they were being charged more than the firms true out-of-pocket expenses for the items. In October 2001, the firm fina lly stopped taking airline rebates completely.The familiarity started structuring all discounts as front-end price reductions that would be passed on to the clients. In the professional environment, there are two main areas in which ethical behavior is required. The first point concerns the behavior of the employee at work, in dealing with colleagues, with supervisors and subordinates and also with customers, the abet point concerns the behavior of the guild itself against its customers, its employees and all others who may are concerned from company. Also you subscribe to to distinguish surrounded by descriptive and normative ethics. Descriptive ethics is concerned with describing, characterizing, and studying the morality of a people, an organization, a culture, or a society. It focuses on what is the prevailing set of ethical standards in the business community, specific organizations, or on the part of specific managers. Normative ethics is concerned with supp deceitfulne ss and justifying a coherent moral dust of thinking and judging. It deals more with what ought to be or what ought not to be in terms of business practices. Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008242,243) So its rather impossible for a large company such as PwC to adhere to all these ethical values. These values can be quickly lost in the world(a) public, because everywhere, they are hard to make money and advance the business, whether this ethical behavior is observed or ignored. Neal A. Roberts was constantly trying to uncover the corrupt business of the company, because he has a higher(prenominal) ethical consciousness and does not want PwC to get away with its wrong behavior. Identify the ethical issues in this case.There are three ethical issues in this case. Firstly the cheating on customers out of discounts. The firm PwC earns millions of dollars on rebates, which are not being returned to the clients in form of savings, but rather, the firm was keeping these rebates for themselves. The second ethical issue is that PwC is giving false information to the firms clients, by telling them a wrong amount for the airline tickets and other travel expenses. The last ethical issue is the cover-up of the firms corrupt activity.The company PwC does not tell their clients and their employees about the firms illegal behavior. every these ethical issues belong to the organizational level (or firm level). These issues may carry consequences for the companys reputation and success in the community and also for the kind-hearted of ethical environment or culture that will prevail on a day-to-day basis at the office. In addition, how the issue is handled may have serious organizational consequences (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008289,290). A survey conducted by the Ethics Resource Center reveal what managers and employees are up against. There you can see, that 19 percent of the asked employees mentioned lying to employees, customers, vendors, or the public (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008290) is one of the most questionable practices that employees today face in their work lives (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008291). Who are the stakeholders and what are their stakes? The Stakeholders in case 14 are the customers, the federal political relation, the company PwC, the partners in business and the employees.The customers stakes are to get the right service for the money they paid, to get pricy quality and to be treated honest and fair. But in this case the customers are not getting the rebates that they should be rewarded. Furthermore the stakes of the federal government are that the company PwC can pay the taxes and acts legally and ethically. However, the federal government was not only lied to about speculations and regulations, but they were also lied to as the customers themselves. Moreover the stakes of PwC are that they can keep on the market with the other companies, that their employees are motivated nd make a good work, that their company is creditworthy, so in other w ords liquidity is given, that they have many customers and good conditions for suppliers. The stakes of the partners in business are that they want to know how the agonistical company PwC is in the market and how big their market shares are. But the other businesses are getting tarnished. At last the employees stakes are to work in a nice working atmosphere, to get fair wages and also to be treated honest and fair.What is your appraisal of the ethics of the travel expense billing practices described in the case? What are the ethical arguments for and against them? My appraisal of the ethics of the travel expense billing practices described in the case is what the company PwC did is wrong, because it is not right and fair. They violate consumer rights, employee rights and shareholder rights by offending against the main ethical principles, such as the Respect for Persons, the Principle of good-will and the Principle of nicety.In this connection Respect for Persons means that indiv iduals should be treated as autonomous agents and that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. Further the Principle of Beneficence indicates that persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in this sense (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms.As with all hard cases, the different claims covered by the principle of beneficence may come into conflict and force difficult choices. Moreover the Principle of umpire says that equals ought to be treated equally. (http//www. stmarys-ca. edu/institutional-review-board/basic-ethical-principles) The companys behavior meets the basic level of the CSR pyramid, which says be profitable, but on the other side it goes against legal, ethical and philantropical responsibilities . In most decisionmaking situations, ethics, economics, and law become the central expectations that must be considered and balanced against each other in the quest to make wise decisions (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008249), but in this case, the company does not obey this rule. PwC only refers to the ethical basis be profitable and ignores the other responsibilities, which makes the whole behavior of the firm illegal and not ethical.

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay Example for Free

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 EssayExplain how far the discerns in Source B differ from those in Source A in relation to President Eisenhower and the integrating of statement.Both sources deck Eisenhowers negative opinion on desegregation in schools. Both criticise and confront Eisenhowers intolerance of black people as Source states Eisenhowers comment that white people are concerned astir(predicate) is that their sweet flyspeck girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes . Eisenhowers sympathises the southwestern as he originates in that location himself, the intolerance could be considered to be part of the Souths culture and behaviour to be intolerant of the black people, it is arguable that this effected Eisenhowers governmental judgement . The fact that Eisenhower came from multitude background after spending 44 years of his life in service, would adjudge influenced his endings and opinions on desegreg ation as military camps were segregated and Eisenhower would have been use to this strategy. He once a take a leak agues from the Souths point of view in Source B, I dont believe you can change the hearts of men with jurisprudences and findings this once a off supports the point I made before. Evidence of his intolerance was regretting appointing Earl rabbit warren as head word of justice the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made he obviously was very against the decision and never wanted desegregation.The similarities continue as both sources shows the reluctance of helping the black people with desegregation. Source A comments that he didnt show a clear support for the independent Court decision to commix schools, his quiesce go ond massive resistance. His political and personal opinions were colliding with each(prenominal) other making his actions limited. Source B shows verification of his reluctance also as it declared three years later he finally protects the littl e rock 9 with a federal troops in 1957. This was the first time Eisenhower showed support of segregation however it was a weak act from Eisenhower. It could be possible that he felt that it was his study as the chair not himself supporting gracious rights for the black people.However, the sources do differ in the fact that source B states a more positive view on Eisenhower even thought it was considered weak. As already stated Eisenhower While in presidency did not quickly support desegregation and had reservations about the Brown decision, he understood his constitutional responsibility to uph gaga the federal authority and the law. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to guard and Little Rock and protect black students as they walked to school. He in that locationfore became the first president since reconstructive memory to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. As Source As t 1 is very negative as it quotes intolerant views on the African Americans, it insinuates that Eisenhower is very against African Americans being part of a white family this contrast with the little rock 9 as he aids the black people into the school, after his comments it would been unlikely to help the black people tho he does.To conclude source A and B are very similar as they both voice the intolerance and his lack of support Eisenhower gave to the African-Americans. I agree with the source as from my own knowledge he was very against civil rights because of his Sothern influence. His views on desegregation was transparent from his actions and thats what source and B illustrate (12 Marks)(B) Use Source A, B and C and your own knowledge.How important was the arbitrary Court in the development of African-American civil rights in the years 1950 to 1962?The Supreme Court is the highest federal coquet in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation. The Supreme Court would have benefited every Africa n- American with their decisions of passing and lifting laws if they succeeded in winning their cases. It allowed them to have sanctioned rights with in the country and legally be equal to the white people. However, the self-esteem of the African Americans was low due to the intolerance of the white people therefore figures such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and support of political figures such as Kennedy allowed them to be brave and a sense of pride in gaining equality. Therefore, the Supreme Court could be considered less important than other figures and factors that occurred between 1950 and 1962.Source A and B discuss the Brown vs. Topekas get on with of information verdict in 1954. The Supreme Court passed the law of desegregated schools by the chief of Justice Earl Warren. He was criticised for his decision such as President Eisenhower, who had shared his annoyance with Warren by stating that is was the biggest damn fool mistake he ever made. The silence of Eisenhower s support on desegregation caused massive resistance along with the indirect deadline for when desegregation is to commence. Hence, Brown 2 in 1955 was the attempt to get a clearer deadline than before. However, disappointingly the verdict was with all deliberate speed it was still vague and prolonged the wait for desegregation. The Supremes role in this particular situation helped civil rights as it declared more equality within America however turned to a hindrance as it become a battle of when it will happen.The decision also caused further problems for the African- Americans as Little Rock complied with the high courts laws and determined to desegregate there all white school. The NAACP submitted nine students earlier to join the school and gradually bring more in and settled them slowly. However, it wasnt that simply as the 9 students went to enter their school they was verbally maltreat and hag-ridden by the white Confederateers, Eisenhower had to submit federal assistanc e to help them into school , this is stated in source B as it had taken 3 years to show any support from Eisenhower and the south to finally accept desegregation .Eisenhowers federal involvement was then became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. However, since Brown vs. education Source C states that McLaurin vs. Oklahoma rules that universities too have to follow the desegregation law and that you could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of his/her race. This proves that the Supreme Court was furthering African American rights through all levels of education making them equal and educated. This is another influence the Supreme Court had over monumental changes for the African Americans and the society around them.However, it is arguable that the Supreme Court all assisted the figures and events that immensely changed civil rights for the African Americans. Events such as the Montgomery Bus boycott in 1956 were a political and social protest. after the hold off of Rosa parks African Americans were ready to take action and regain some equality and raise the issue of how wrong it is to make a tired, old lady to move, even if it wasnt entirely true. The boycott was led by the group the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) Saturday 3rd December the black community supported each other as a lot of people avoided the busses and had to take rides with other people in the community, even though it was difficult the supporters of the cause enthusiastically concur to continue the boycott until there was justice.The success of the black people boycotting led to economic stress were the issue of segregation would be over. The fact that one event, encourage African Americans to stand for their rights influenced and uncovered the to the highest degree influential figures in civil right history and gained justice from their efforts. This is repeated again the 1960 in the Greensboro sit-ins when African Americans refuse to move to from their seats in the Woolworths store. Their numbers increased in support and was watched by the world even Eisenhower voiced his opinions on the matter. These unprovoking protests allowed black people to become a part of changing their future and not relying on court cases and individuals to get them there.Arguably even though they gained salient success the black people didnt have any legal hold on desegregating the bus system, thus the Browder vs. Gayle case. The Supreme Court upheld the district courts decision in making buss desegregated. Without the confirmation from the Supreme Court all the black peoples efforts would have resulted to zilch without the confirmation of the Supreme Court. Rosa parks is seen in our modern day history as an inspirational civil rights leader. Her story influenced thousands of African Americans to boycott buses and gain equality.However, her image of being a hard working, old, fragi le women who wanted to rest her feet after a long day isnt true at all. She had been an active protester and NAACP member for years and probably planned this protest to gain publicity and change. Due to her protest Martin Luther King was noticed as a civil rights figure, he had been watched from all over the world and from then on seen as the leading civil rights leader. His efforts in the SCLC created in 1957 after the Montgomery bus boycott, helped the southern African Americans who suffered from great intolerance .However, once again their efforts amounted to achieving the legalisation of equality, without the Supreme Court all their efforts went to nothing. To conclude even though Martin Luther King is seen as the messiah of the African Americans in gaining equality and is still admired in our modern day society, it is the supreme court that allowed them legally to be treated as equals and blistering the lives they should live. However, without the efforts and protests the Sup reme Court would never have considered to pass or all the African Americans to have the equality they gained through their efforts. Therefore, the other factors that influenced African Americans development on civil rights were more important than the Supreme Court.(2A) Explain why school were not immediately desegregated after the verdict in the Brown vs. Topeka control panel of Education case of 1954 * Earl Warren passed desegregation in 1954 in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of education. This was to end segregation. The NAACP appointed Thurgood to take the case and won with Earl Warrens confirmation However, Warren didnt set the deadline when schools should be desegregated. This prolonged desegregation and led to the court case Brown 2 in 1955 to gain directness on when desegregation will commence .However the verdict remained vague commenting that desegregation should happen with all deliberate speed allowing desegregation, once again to be prevented from racial diversity in schoo ls. This suggests that the Supreme Court was reluctant to desegregate schools fully due to Eisenhowers silence and the Souths reluctance to do so.Other than the Cooper vs. Aaron case, the southern manifesto is proof of their reluctance as this was a legal document signed by 99 politicians to counter the decision on Brown vs. Education, because of the legality and not just the opinions of the south. This then makes the manifesto more than reluctance entirely a serious legal matter. Their claim matched the opinions of the south commenting that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The southern manifesto stated that It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races, It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding to make their argument fair and agreeable they used the idea that desegregation will bring violence and issues to the communities when there is no need.Even though some areas (especially in the northwestward where it was more tolerant) accepted desegregation quickly. However, a lot of the south continued segregation as they didnt agree with the Brown vs. Board of Education, thus the southern manifesto. The build-up of tension of intolerance was at little rock. Little rock school in Arkansas decided to watch with the high courts impression. The NAACP submitted 9 students to the previously all white school. They was verbally abused and tormented as they entered the school, President Eisenhower had to send federal troops to protect the 9 children. This suggests that fear that was presented in the southern manifesto was proven to be true allowing anxiety for other schools and black people to comply with desegregation.President Eisenhower originated from the south and voiced intolerance himself about the decisions of Brown vs. board of education. It was commented that his silence encouraged massive resistance to applying the new law forcefully through the country as he did not agree with the verdict. It was also claimed that he voiced annoyance about appointing Earl Warren stating that it was The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made this is evidence of his intolerance because he disapproved of Warrens decision. Being a military man himself he was use to the segregation system and probably agreed with the idea of separate but equal. This suggests why the Supreme Court had given vague answers of when the deadline should be on desegregation because the president wasnt happy with the decision.To conclude there were many factors to why desegregation wasnt immediate however the most important factor that contributed to preventing desegregation was the south. The fear, the legal documentation created by the south, the behaviour and the powerful leaders from the south made the desegregation difficult and tense. The Souths intolerance caused the most issues, as the north complied with high courts decision quickly as there was less intolerance. * (2B) The work of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was the most important primer for the desegregation of schools in the years 1950 to 1960 * Explain why you agree or disagree with this view* The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Their mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. They are the earliest organisation to aid African- Americans into equality. They have had many successes in desegregating schools and their efforts have gone far however, it is arguable that other organisations, figures and events that were more influential to desegregation in schools than the NAACP. * The NAACP had succeeded in other cases for the rights of black people however it was the Brown vs. Board of Education that is considered NAACPs victorious achievement. But, without the work of Thurgood marshal that was appointed by the NAACP the outcome might have been different.Other than being the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court he had won 29 out of the 32 he had faced. He was a very intelligent and stood for his rights after winning previous cases for the NAACP himself and a team of NAACP attorneys won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Other than the NAACP winning the case Thurgood who was part of the NAACP team, was an inspiration to the African Americans. However, the decision didnt lead to an immediate change as there was no clear deadline. The NAACP and Marshall forgot to argue its urgency for change therefore, Brown 2 the case that was to get the urgency it needed however, the decision was vague as it stated with deliberate speed. The NAACP did succeed in the decision of desegregation but it had no action. NAACP helped all African Americans in need such as the Little Rock 9 in 1957. The NAA CP submitted 9 students to attend the previously all white school Little Rock, this was an achievement as a lot of the south wasnt and would not comply with the high courts orders.However, this turned into a disadvantage as The 9 students was verbally abused, tormented and prevented to enter their new school. The NAACP however, did help them try and enter or submit them in different and safer schools. It wasnt just Little Rock students that they helped enter schools but many.* It is arguable that other factors effected the desegregation of schools such as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had to pass the laws to gain legal equality, therefore the Brown vs. Education case without the Chief of Justice Earl Warren reaching the decision that segregation is unconstitutional. Desegregation would never have gone through. They pass the McLaurin vs. Oklahoma state regents, this was to desegregate universities. However, other cases were inspired by the efforts of the NAACP, and the outcome they reached in the Brown vs. board of Education Verdict.* However, it was the ordinary people that changed their future by joining protests and helping each other. Such as Linda Brown, if it wasnt for Lindas cause the case to bring desegregation to schools. Linda Brown was the Daughter to Oliver Brown, because of his annoyance that his daughter had to walk 6 blocks because of the Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling separate but equal under the Jim Crow laws. Her long walks to school led to one of the most monumental events that happened for African Americans.However, Linda Brown was part one of the thirteen families that was recruited to Topeka (the area they lived in), the NAACP took the case for Brown and pursued his plan to desegregate schools. * To conclude The NAACP efforts in desegregating schools were more important than the other factors that influenced desegregations. Without The NAACP providing lawyers such as Marshall and helping brown win his case, Oliver brown wouldnt of won t he case. I believe that the NAACPs involvement in the desegregation of schools was the main reason and thats why I agree with the statement.

Indias Relation with ASEAN

Indias Relation with ASEANIMPLICATIONS ON INDIA1.General.India and ASEAN sh ar age old historical, cultural and economic ties. These relations stood the psychometric test of time till 1962 after which India somehow disengaged from southeasterly eastbound Asia. India reinstituted its Look East policy in 1992. This was necessitated due to the growing economic status of ASEAN nations as besides gage concerns of India in ASEAN kingdom, which could be handled better with rejuvenated relations with the countries of the region and for this ASEANs coherence is in Indias alert national interest. Both handed-d have and non-traditional hostage concerns of ASEAN suffer direct or indirect bearing on the over whole security of the region in general and India in particular. Traditional security concerns like nuclear proliferation, regional cooperation, balance of power and defense capabilities and non- traditional security concerns like financial collapse and domestic governance problems, both allure Indias, strategic position in the region as non traditional security concerns can lead to traditional security concerns.2. chinas Influence. Increasing efforts of chinaware to increase and wave its trance in the ASEAN region is a matter of grave concern to India, both economically and in the field of security. With ASEAN expanding to form ASEAN plus three coalitions ASEAN without delay includes mainland china, South Korea and Japan has uttermost reaching effects on Indian Look East Policy. The various effects of growing Chinese influence are(a) auspices regionalism in Asia, led by the ASEAN, is being severely tested by the growing intensity of the Chinas territorial disputes with its marine neighbors in the East and South China Seas.(b) Chinas refusal to collectively engage ASEAN on South China Sea issue and its growing might to wean away individual members of the organization underlines the dangers of the new dynamics in ASEAN. One outcome of this was annual meetings of ASEAN foreign ministers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, in July2012, ended in political disarray over the question of territorial disputes in the South China Sea. For the first time in the history of the organization, ministersfailed to issue a control stick statement, and many analysts have attributed this outcome to Beijings new ability to influence the internal dynamic in the ASEAN. These efforts of China to engage all ASEAN nations bilaterally may undermine thestrength of ASEAN which is contrary to Indian desires of strong ASEAN that can insulate SE Asia from any external interventions.(c)Military Expansion. China has also change magnitude its military influence in the South China Sea. The re centime incursions of China into the Spartley is republics and the Mischief Reef will affect India militarily. China will have far reaching influence in the airfield especially with Hong Kong and Macao already amalgamated into the peoples Republic of China. In the event of a confron tation between India and China, the latter would have greater influence in ASEAN region inversely affecting Indias security as well as regional and international standing.(d)Economic Expansion. In todays globalised human parsimony and military capabilities of a nation are closely linked. China is fast emerging as an international economic force. Its influence on the ASEAN economies is considerable and growing. With the military expansion into ASEAN, China could harm Indias economic security. If relations between India and China deteriorate, a strong military presence of China in the South China Sea could severe Indian sea lines of communications in the region affecting barter with the countries of the region. China at the trice is concentrating on building its economic power and does not appear to have a military bearing in the region. It is trying to settle its disputes i.e. Spartley islands according to the laws of the sea, has sequestered its naval forces from Senkaku island s and Mischief Reef, but the futurity could be rattling different which India needs to plan for and guard against. The straits of Malacca in South East Asia form a bottleneck on the maritime route to East Asia and Asia- imperturbable region.(e)The Burmese Connection. Burma or Myanmar, a member of ASEAN has important security implications for India. Myanmar is traditionallyChinas close aide and is dependent on China for many of its economic and military needs. Chinas influence in Burma poses a security concern to India, much so because Myanmar and India share common land and sea borders. In the event of a China -India confrontation, China could use Myanmar land and sea areas for military follow up against India. China already, has established itsbases in Myanmar to monitor Indias missile tests at Chandipur. Through Myanmar China could not only threaten Indias security from land but also from sea. With a pro-communist military government in Myanmar and its over-dependence on Chin a Indias security interests are threatened. With Myanmar joining ASEAN and ARF, there is increased ram to restore democracy and this would draw Myanmar away form its dependence on a communist China.3.Insurgency.ASEAN is a region fraught with ethnic and communal insurgency problems. India faces similar problems in various parts of the country. Myanmar an ASEAN state has a sizeable border with Indian Eastern States. The near porous border is used by insurgents to move to and fro. The thick jungles in Myanmar form ideal bases for insurgents to hide and use these areas as launch pads for insurgent activity into India. After striking into India these insurgents slip into Myanmar qualification Indias tackling of this problem increasingly difficult. The linguistic and ethnic similarity of the people on both sides makes identification of insurgents extremely difficult.4.Terrorism. The September 11 attacks on the existence Trade Centre and subsequent attacks in India are a tragic reminde r that international terrorist act does not attentiveness national borders-and requires global1 and regional solutions. The ASEAN region has more than 300 million Muslims, many of them supporting Muslim terrorist organizations like the Al-Qaeda. India is one of the most badly affected countries by terrorism. With close cultural and spiritual links between India and many ASEAN countries there is a danger of terrorism spreading to India from ASEAN nations, if it already has not happened. Since extradition treaties do not exist between India and these nations criminals committing crimes in India go unpunished after escaping tothese nations. The internal security of India has already been affected on many occasions. Many Muslim terrorist organizations operating from ASEAN countries are spreading terrorism in India. These organizations having an international infrastructure with a common agenda could threaten Indias security if not controlled.5.Increasing Military Capability. In the p resent scenario the ASEAN nations do not have any military conflict areas with India . However, most of them have reasonablystrong armed forces which are being further strengthened. Indonesia has recently acquired an aircraft mail carrier and Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar have strong military capabilities. In future should a conflict arise between any ASEAN nations with India and considering the proximity to Indias Eastern waters as also the maritime trade routes, which India uses, it could be a security threat to India.6. Weapons of Mass Destruction. Many strategic analysts consider Asia as a possible white-hot spot for nuclear confrontation. The only nuclear attack in Japan took place in the vicinity of ASEAN nations. Ever since, many Asian powers have develop overtly or covertly nuclear capabilities which could trigger a nuclear war in the region. China has the third largest nuclear arsenal in the world. With Chinas common communist ideology with many ASEAN states nuclear prol iferation of the region cannot be ruled out. A similar proliferation is possible to certain ASEAN Muslim nations with Pakistan. An different potential nuclear challenge resides in the Korean Peninsula, where North Korea now faces the need to either fish or cut bait with respect to its nuclear program. A North Korean nuclear capability would raise the stakes of war on the peninsula, and increase the pressure on Japan and South Korea to mount nuclear weapon programs of their own. All these above events, occurring in the Indian backyard would threaten Indian security interest in the region. The latest nuclear and biological threat exists from terrorists. Since religious fundamentalism is predominant in various ASEAN states, the availability of such weapons of mass destruction with terrorists could become a serious issue of concern to India.7. asylum of SLOCS.Region of Bay of Bengal and Malacca Strait is very important to India as Indias strategic strength lies in this region, which ha s the potential to create vulnerability to China. Security of SLOCs and island territory is a concern butIndia is well poised to take care of this aspect. This is also an area of cooperation with ASEAN and Asia Pacific countries. The increasing importance of maritime trade and energy security for India has made it imperative to ensure the safety of Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) in Southeast Asia. Maritime piracy has large implications for security in the economic sphere and in the Malacca Straits, is a common threat to India and the ASEAN region. With India being dependent on sea ways for over 97 per cent of its global trade, the safety of sea lanes around the ASEAN region is of vital importanceto India. India understands that a prosperous and stable ASEAN that safeguards vital sea lanes between the Indian and Pacific Oceans will serve its best interests. Coordination between India and ASEAN in safeguarding their shared marine environment and its resources, promoting the safety and security of navigation in their common ocean areas, and ensuring legitimate, peaceful and sustainable uses of the oceans, can contribute to both maritime development and maritime security in the region.8.US Withdrawal. With the withdrawal of US troops from strategic locations in the region following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the South East Asian countries deemed it appropriate to guard against Chinese influence by setting up vital sea-lanes of communications such as the Taiwan, Malacca, Sunda and Lombhok Straits. Accordingly, ASEAN countries justifiably perceive India, with the largest Naval forces in the Indian Ocean and nuclear capabilities, a strategic partner to balance Chinas growing power in the region2. This should be looked by India as an opportunity to go closer to the ASEAN nations thereby assisting indirectly in regional stability. Indian economy is deeply intertwined with the economic future of ASEAN region and should regional stability be disturbed it would have a cascading effect on Indian economy in general and security in particular.9.US-ASEAN Re-engagement.Three important developments that took place in South East Asia in 2010 have come to redefine the constitution and dynamics of the regions engagement with the United States the most powerful player in todays international politics. First, in response to the Chinese designation of South China Sea as an area of core national interest, the American Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton claimed free passage in the disputed area as Americas national interest.Second, the US, in order to influence the trajectories of ASEAN-driven cooperative processes, became a member of the East Asia Summit in October 2010 and also participated in the ADMM (ASEAN Defence Ministerial Meetings) Plus. Finally, the USPresident visited Indonesia along with three other important Asian players India, Japan and South Korea in November 2010, integrating Southeast Asia into its bigger strategic discours e on Asia. In fact, Southeast Asia seems to have regained its Cold War position of being one of the pivots for the US in the latters grand strategy towardsthe Asia-Pacific3. Since most important driving force for the re-engagement has come in the form of an uncertain nature of Chinas growing diplomatic and strategic influence and the latters perceived aggression in the region it will definitely assist India in checking Chinas future aspirations in the region, more so in the light of improving Indo US relations.10. Certain non-traditional security concerns 4of India in the ASEAN region could have wide-ranging effects on the economy, ball club and security of India. The non-traditional security concerns includes (a)Globalisation. With Indian economy heading towards liberalisation and globalisation there is an increasing amount of capital flowing to and from ASEAN countries. This phenomenon could be a major threat to state security if globalisation is not managed properly by India. I n spite of the financial crisis the vibrant ASEAN economics could still time out the trade balance so greatly in their favor that Indian economic interests could be badly damaged. This would not only effect economic security but also have concurrent effects on Indias national security. Hence, it is essential for India to control and manage the pace of globalization to suit its own interests.(b)Narcotics Trafficking and Associated Criminal Activities. India lies in between the two most significant drug trafficking areas of the world. With the Golden Triangle to its West, which includes Afghanistan and Pakistan, andthe Golden Crescent to its East to include Thailand and Myanmar Indias concerns nearly narcotic trafficking are legitimate. There is considerable flow of drugs through India which remains a concern for social security of the country. Myanmar produces a considerable share of the world narcotics. The money from the sale of drugs is often utilised by insurgents to buy weapon s and explosives which is smuggled into India for insurgent activities causing internal securityproblems in the country. The narcotic infrastructure is very well organized in Myanmar and Thailand. These drug cartels also have close links with India. This results in associated criminal activities like extortion, child labour and human trafficking, finally leading to general deterioration of social security in India.(c)Competition for Fishing and Other Sea/Ocean- based Resources. India shares sea-based borders with many ASEAN countries. Since sea-based borders are less define than land-based borders there are regular instances of intrusion into Indian waters by either fishing boats/trawlers or military vessels of counties from the ASEAN region. With increase in population of nations and upshot economic problems the importance of sea-based resources would increase. This could result in confrontation between various ASEAN states and India, as was the case between China and Philippine s over Mischief Reef. There are certain maritime areas where exact demarcation and delineation is not done. These areas could also be future areas of concern to Indias security.(d)Environmental Security Concerns. India and ASEAN, as also the entire world are closely linked to environmental changes and disasters. Environmental polices followed by one nation have an effect on the environment of all other nations. Global warming, droughts, floods resulting from industrialization and de woodation effect all nations. Environmental disastersalso affect the economy of nations. A case in stoppage is the forest fires 5and the subsequent haze problem in Indonesia. The deteriorated environment affectedtourism and hence economy of Indonesia as well as India as the tourist inflow from India reduced drastically.(e)Religious Extremism.There exists wide social and economic disparity between member nations of ASEAN. Countries like Laos and Cambodia cannot keep pace with the social development of c ertain other ASEAN countries, which are well developed. This leads to a sense of frustration and deprivation in certain sections of their society. This feeling coupled with religious fanaticism in certain societys breeds religious extremism and sectarianism. This is the case in certain Muslim societies of ASEAN nations.Since religious extremism now cuts across national barriers, many of these disillusioned youth are finding their way to India, inciting religious tensions and indulging in insurgent activities.1 David James, The ASEAN Summit, asia-inc, December 2001.2 India ASEAN relations Analysing regional implications. IPCS special report by Mohit Anand, May 20093 View point by Dr Vibhanshu Shankar, Research fellow at Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi on emerging contours of US ASEAN re engagement 25 Mar 2011.4 regional International Affairs Program in Asia, Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, http//www.rcss.org/projects/riapa/riapa.htm 5 The ASEAN Summit, asia-inc, De cember 2001.

My Sisters Keeper by Jodi Picoult | Summary and Analysis

My Sisters steward by Jodi Picoult Summary and AnalysisAnna Transplant KidneyCharactersAnna FitzgeraldAnna is a 13-year-old girl from a middle- degree family in Rhode Island. Her father, Brian, is a nurturefighter, and her acquire, Sara, is a ho accustomwife who used to be a lawyer. Her two older siblings ar Jesse and Kate. Jesse is an adult who has had a troubled then(prenominal) and lives in an flatbed at the family house. Kate is 16 and has recuperated from leukemia, notwithstanding the treatments have hurt her kidneys, and she needs a kidney transplant. Anna is a natural choice for the donor because she was conceived to help Kate aesculapianly and has made donations to her with pop her support. Anna seeks help from a lawyer, Campbell Alexander, to gain escort everywhere her body so she can stopover worldness a donor to Kate. Anna is much mature than her age and often ponders deep questions slightly her infants illness and her usage in it. Anna struggles with h er decisions, and even though she has her outbursts, she is very close to her sister, and at the hearing, she admits that it was Kate who made her set to instigate the suit.What seemed to be a selfish act of a child was really the love of a sister. Although Kates illness has prevented her from having a normal life, Anna is close to Kate and the repose of her family. She is on the opposite side from her m antithetical in the case, but they are still a close mother and daughter. Her father tries to look subsequently on her as considerably as Kate, and she bonds with Jesse because they both feel corresponding they dont fit in. Annas business relationship with Campbell grows into a much personal atomic number 53. She is with him in the wreck that ultimately kills her. She does donate the kidney while dying and at Campbells request. At the hearing, she stood up for herself and her sister and ended up saving her sisters life, anyway. Anna, who had always felt invisible in her fa mily, ends up being a heroine.Campbell AlexanderCampbell is the lawyer Anna Fitzgerald asks to represent her in her crusade against her parents. He seems cold and calculating at first by being single- brainpowered rough Annas case and pandering to the media. He has a guide dog, but he will not explain the animals purpose. He reach outs jokes when people ask him about it. His softer side is revealed by means of Julia, Annas guardian ad litem, and the flashbacks to their teen romance. He is the product of a wealthy background with parents who are shallow. His epilepsy and, therefore, the reason for the dog, is revealed in court. Although he wins the case, he feels for both sides and when set about with deciding to donate Annas organs, he makes sure Kate is the kidney recipient. He left Julia all those years ago because he did not want her to have to deal with his condition, but Julia chooses to stay with him. He marries her.Sara FitzgeraldSara is a lawyer turned housewife. As Bria ns wife and Kate, Jesse, and Annas mother, she does everything she can to keep her family to stayher. She is close to her sister, Suzanne, who is a career woman. She wants Suzanne to be her saviour, and she wants Anna to be Kates rescuer. She is completely focused on Kates illness and wants to fork over every treatment possible. She either ignores Jesse or gets angry with him. It is her idea to get pregnant with Anna and for Anna to make donations. She is shocked when Anna sues her and Brian. Her lead and devotion to Kate make her a worthy adversary to Campbell in the courtroom. At first, Sara can not understand why Anna is doing this and estranges herself from Brian, but afterward all the facts are revealed at the hearing, she understands the infringes involved and how Anna is her own person who can make her own choices and that Kate can make her own choices, too. She and Brian be pass a stronger couple, and she makes peace with Anna before her death. She was shatter by Anna s death and hoped for her return. Through her family, she healed.Brian FitzgeraldBrian is a dependable husband to Sara and father to Kate, Jesse, and Anna. He is a chevvyfighter who loves his job. His hobby is astronomy, and he makes astronomical references that can interest to his own life. When Anna sues him and his wife, he is surprised but wants to support Anna. He moves her into the fire station so she can have some(prenominal) distance from the home situation. This puts a strain on Brian and Saras marriage, and they just let out about the medical issues. His decision to testify for Anna at the hearing does not help matters. At the hearing, however, he changes his mind and wants Anna to donate. Brian is really conflicted on the matter. He is not completely a rescue worker he likes to rescue everyone around him, and in this case, he cannot. Even though his sister-in-law Suzanne can help the family financially, he wants to be the provider. He is the only one who defrauds Je sse is the arsonist and sets him on the right path. He grows circumferent to his wife as they learn how the medical issues have overshadowed their marriage. He develops a drinking problem after Annas death but conquers it.Jesse FitzgeraldJesse is the oldest child in the Fitzgerald family. After his sister is diagnosed with leukemia as a toddler, he is still a child himself and often has to give up events for Kate. After Annas experience, he feels useless because he is the sibling that cannot help. He acts out in school and is on a downward spiral into drugs, alcohol, stealing, and arson as he grows up. He tries to project the rebel image around his family, Julia, and Campbell, but his actions memorialise his softer side. He donates platelets to Kate anonymously. He helps Anna out by taking her to the lawyers situation and when visiting Kate. Brian finds out Jesse is the arsonist, and Jesse has a breakthrough. He diarrheas with fire because he can control it. squeeze out is a t heme in the accommodate, and Jesse shows the negative side of fire. He becomes a police officer and wins an award. He transforms himself from a destroyer to a rescuer.Julia RomanoJulia is the guardian ad litem assigned to represent Anna in the hearing. She has to make a report about which side she supports. She was a rebel as a teenager from a large, unequal family and has turned into a responsible adult. She is close to her twin sister. Close sisterly relationships permeate the sacred scripture, including Anna and Kates and Sara and Suzannes. She had a romance with Annas lawyer, Campbell Alexander, as a teenager despite their class differences. She was hurt when Campbell abandoned her. As she works with him on Annas case, she is attracted to him even though she tries to resist it. She is good with Anna and Kate because she talks to them like they are real teenagers. At the hearing, she is ineffective to pick a side. She finally learns why Campbell left her after he has a seizur e at the hearing. When she finds out he has epilepsy, she refuses to abandon him. They get married.Kate FitzgeraldKate is diagnosed with leukemia as a toddler. When her brother, Jesse, does not match her for bone marrow donation, their mother Sara has the idea to get pregnant with a baby who is a genetic match for Kate. Anna is born, and she donates to Kate on several occasions. Kate struggles with being a normal teenager and having cancer because her appearance is affected, and her first boyfriend had cancer and died. At 16, Kate is cancer free, but the treatments have affected her kidneys, and she needs a kidney transplant. It is assumed Anna will be the donor, but she files a lawsuit to gain control over her body so she can stop donating. Anna reveals at the hearing that Kate was suicidal and urged her not to donate a kidney. Kate wanted her sister to be free of obligations to her. The judge rules for Anna, but after Anna dies in a wreck, Kate gets Annas kidney. She recovers and becomes a dance teacher. She had told Julia she wanted to be a ballerina because she could have control over her body.Duracell DanHe is the homeless man Jesse bribes to keep his arson materials. He is with Jesse at one of his fires and tells Jesse a homeless man is in the burning building. This wedges Jesse to execute the man.Suzanne CroftonSuzanne is Saras older sister. She is a single, career woman who lives a different life than Sara. She is a support during Kates illness and even tries to help financially.Vern StackhouseVern is a sheriff and friend of the Fitzgerald family. He serves Sara with papers related to Annas lawsuit. He is around during the hearing and provides assistance to the family and Campbell.Isobel RomanoIsobel is Julias very(a) twin sister and roommate. She had a bad breakup and cautions Julia against Campbell. Toward the end, Isobel and Campbell seem to come to an understanding.Objects/PlacesProvidence HospitalThis is where Kate is diagnosed and has her tre atments and other stays. Anna is in any case a patient here as a donor. Her birth and death occur here.The Fitzgerald HouseThis is the home of the Fitzgeralds where Brian, Sara, Kate, and Anna live. Jesse lives in an adjoining a embark onment.The Fire StationThis is where Brian works and where he and Anna live to give Anna some distance from her mother and the case. The rooftop is a favorite place to watch the pencil leads.The LocketBrian gives the locket to Anna as a child after one of her donations. It is a thank you present for support Kate. Thirteen-year-old Anna sells it at a pawnshop to raise money for attorney fees.The CourthouseThis is where the hearing is. Campbell and Annas secrets are revealed here.Campbell Alexanders OfficeAnna first meets Campbell here to initiate the lawsuit.Dr. Chances OfficeThis is the office of the oncologist that diagnoses and treats Kate. The idea for Annas conception begins here. It is also where Annas donations are suggested.Duracell Dans Hid eawayIt is an underpass where a homeless man lives. He stashes the materials Jesse uses for arson.Jesses ApartmentThe apartment is part of the Fitzgerald house. From items in the apartment and other clues, Brian figures out that Jesse is the arsonist. This is where he confronts his son.The Wheeler SchoolThe Wheeler School is the private high school where Campbell and Julia met.Julias ApartmentJulia lives here with her twin sister, Isobel. This is where she and her sister talk about Campbell.Campbells ApartmentCampbells apartment is very sterile and high tech. It seems to reflect his personality. Julia reveals she does not like it, and he agrees.Shakespeares CatJulia goes to the gay bar Shakespeares Cat to immobilize Campbell.Hercules the GoldfishA pet Kate got for her birthday. Sara saves him from near death a couple of eras.ThemesFireFire is a common theme in the book, and it ties much of the plot of land together. The passages that preface each section concern fire. Brian is a firefighter. Jesse sets fires. Kates illness can be compared to a fire because it is out of control and destroys everything in its path. Anna compares her initiating the lawsuit to fire. Brian says a fire should be allowed to burn unchecked. He is referring to Kates illness in that they should let it run its course without interference. He uses fire to make points in conversations with his coworkers. Brain connects fire to the tier of Pandora s Box and hope. Hope is what he has left as Kates father. He is trying to put out the home fires, which include Kates illness, Annas lawsuit, Saras stubbornness, and Jesses troubles. Julia puts out the fire Brian starts in the kitchen and in her role as guardian ad litem, she tries to put out fires. She also rescues Campbell.People that put out fires are rescuers. Characters in the book fill the rescuer roles. Brian is a rescuer on the job and in his family. Anna is Kates medical rescuer. Campbell points out at the hearing that people are not get to rescue by sharing a story of a homeless woman who let people die in a fire. Suzanne is Saras rescuer. Jesse goes from arsonist to rescuer. At the hearing, it is revealed that Kate wanted to be Annas rescuer for once.At the end of the book, it rains, and this puts out the fires of the characters burning throughout the book. Jesses inner fire is put out with Brians help, and he redeems himself. Kates fire is stopped, and she becomes rubicund because of the kidney transplant. Campbell and Julias fire is contained because they reunite. Sara and Brians fire from Kates illness and Annas lawsuit and death is also contained, and they become a stronger couple.AstronomyBrians hobby is used to make points throughout the book. Some of the passages front the sections make astronomical references. Annas real name comes from a constellation named Andromeda, whose story is she is punished because of her mother, but she is rescued. The constellation resembles arms tied together. This can b e employ to Annas story because her mother is pressuring her to donate, but with the hearing and the wreck, Anna is rescued. Brians talking about watching supernovas dies is comparable to the family and others watching Kate die. The story of Orpheus illustrates how death is inevitable. Sara continues the theme by comparing Kates softheaded face to the moons Brian likes, moons that are still, remote, cold.(118) Anna refers to the pleasant memory of catching stars after learning she can stay at the fire station. The punctuation of meteor showers during Brian and Annas conversation symbolizes what is clayey for them to say. Anna compares astronomy maps to trying to find direction in her own life. Anna talks about astronomy to Campbell during the hearing. She talks about how stars are there even if one cannot see them. This applies to how oblivious parents, especially Anna and Campbells, can be to their children.Brian feels he lives on a different planet because of the situations of Anna and Jesse. He talks about cultures flavor mingled with the stars and realizes he has been looking at the wrong things. While rescuing Campbell from his seizure, he thinks about how astronomy of the past makes astronomy today inaccurate and says it is because the earths axis shakes. This tells the reader the life-shaking events of the book such as Kates illness and Campbells condition affects the perceptions of the people involved. After Annas death, Brian thinks about how the brightness of a star can overshadow another(prenominal) star, and when the other star is seen, it is too late. This applies to how Kate overshadowed Anna, and when Anna finally asserts herself, she dies. After Annas death, Kate reveals that her father said he could see Anna reincarnated in the stars.RolesThe characters in the book play different roles. Anna is in the donor role for her sister when she would rather be in the role of a teenager who has friends and plays hockey. The lawsuit is Annas way of resisting her lifelong role. Throughout the book, she imagines herself in outlandish adventure roles, and after winning the hearing, Campbell thinks she will have fantastic roles in 10 years. Anna concludes that that the role she wants most is to be Kates sister.In the hearing, it is revealed that Anna does not mind playing the donor role, but Kate is tired of being the recipient. By getting Anna not to donate a kidney, Kate can be Annas savior, and they would have reversed roles for once.Jesse point out to Anna before she begins the lawsuit that the siblings have their own roles in the familyhe as the troublemaker, Kate as the martyr, and Anna as the peacemaker. Jesse changes roles by the end of the book. At first, he does not see himself as a rescuer because he cannot rescue Kate. After he has a breakthrough with his father, he goes from arsonist to police officer or savior.Sara and Brians roles go beyond being parents. Sara wants to play the savior role for Kate, but she has to g et Anna to play that role. She demonstrates that she expects sisters to help each other as her sister, Suzanne, helps her. Sara has conflicts with the mother/lawyer role. After the lawsuit begins, Sara tries to balance being a mother to Anna and a lawyer on the opposing side of the lawsuit. This is a constant struggle until Sara realizes she is a good mother, and she should not try to save her children from themselves. Brian is the savior and mediator as he tries to save everybody in the family and acts as a buffer amid Anna and Sara.Campbell has the lawyer role as he panders to the media and questions the witnesses at the hearing. He could be seen in a rescuer role as he rescues Anna from donating to Kate. He also has the romantic role with Julia, but this does not come to fruition until the end of the book after his secret is revealed. Julia has a mediator role as Annas guardian ad litem and a romantic role with Campbell after she learns the truth. Julias role as a sister is show n with her twin, Isobel.Ethical DilemmasAt the heart of My Sisters Keeper is an ethical predicament Should thirteen-year-old Anna be forced to give her kidney to her dying sister? Through much of the novel, it seems like Anna does not want to give Kate her kidney because she is tired of being a store of spare parts for Kate. Since she was born, Anna has undergone a number of aching procedures to save Kates life. Kate suffers from cancer and conditions related to the illness and its treatment. Her familys life has been focused on Kates illness and its potential recurrence during times of remission, since before Anna was born.Indeed, Anna was created to be a arrant(a) sibling match for Kate. The Fitzgeralds went to a geneticist who created several embryos with the couples sperm and eggs, then figured out which one matched Kate. That embryo was implanted in Sara and became Anna. At the time, there was everyday controversy over their decision because Anna was seen as a designer baby . The ethical debate led to a talk show appearance for the couple, as well as hate mail.More than anyone else in the family, Sara sees no ethical dilemmas, neither in how Anna was created nor in making Anna suffer to try to keep Kate alive. Sara only responds to the a la mode(p) crisis and the best solution at hand. When necessary, taking from Anna to give to Kate is no dilemma for her. The result is that Kate has lived longer than her doctor ever expected, but at the cost of a balanced family. The needs of Kate and her illness are put above all else, with Sara diligently guarding those interests at the expense of her husband and other children. Even Julia, the court-appointed guardian of Annas interests, cannot make a decision on what should be done.Annas lawsuit brings all these issues and the ethical dilemma to the forefront. With Campbell acting as her lawyer, she seeks the right to decide whether she gives up a kidney. Annas authorized motivation in her quest for medical emanc ipation is yet another ethical dilemma. As she reveals on the stand during the hearing, the reason that Anna has brought the lawsuit was for Kates benefit. Kate cannot tell her mother that she does not want to have the transplant. Kate is aware of the toll her illness has had on everyone and she seems tired of fighting. In fact, she has tried to kill herself before. This situation brings up the ethical dilemma Should Kate be allowed to die when a measure can be taken to save her life?None of these ethical dilemmas is allowed to reach its full conclusion in the story. The novel ends with Anna suffering an injury that leads to brain death. As executor of her medical rights, Campbell authorizes the kidney transplant. Kates cancer goes into remission, and she has a normal life. But she knows that she is alive because Anna died. She believes that one sister had to die for the other to survive, another ethical conundrum.ControlOne issue that shapes many of the characters and situations in the novel is that of control. Nearly every major character in My Sisters Keeper is looking for control over some part of their existence in the face of disease. Anna, for example, seems to want to control her body and what is taken from it as evinced by her lawsuit. While it is later revealed that she actually filed the suit at Kates behest, Anna is still looking to control the situation to give her sister what she wants. Anna knows she cannot control her mother, her family, or her sisters illness, but she seeks control of her own destiny.Kate and Sara would like control of the opposite sides of the same coin. Kate wants to control her existence and the toll she puts on her family. She would like to become a ballerina if she grows up because she believes they have control over their bodies. Sara has spent her life since the diagnosis of Kates cancer trying to control the disease as well as Kates life. Sara has done everything in her power, including creating Anna, in an attempt to control Kates destiny. Sara has controlled all she could to keep Kate alive, without truly examining the consequences to herself and her family.One of the costs of Saras focused assault on Kates disease is the loss of closeness with Jesse. Both Brian and Sara have given up on Jesse, who repeatedly acts out. He loves his sisters and has done what he can to keep Kate alive, most notably giving his blood regularly to boost her platelets. But he has also moved into an apartment over the family garage to be separate from, yet still part of, his family. He sets fires to get attention and to feel a sense of control over something. Jesse knows the fires, car theft, and substance abuse are all masks for his pain, but he needs a parent to care about him. Brian reclaims control over his son when he finds evidence that Jesse set fires.Annas lawyer, Campbell, is also obsessed with control. He has suffered from epileptic seizures since the age of eighteen, but he keeps his condition a secret. Whe never someone asks why he has a service dog, he gives an obviously untrue answer. He allowed his condition to end his high school romance with Julia without recounting her why. He controlled the situation because he believed she should be free of the burden of caring for someone with his condition.Familial BondsThe importance of familial, especially sibling, relationships is another underlying theme of My Sisters Keeper. contempt all the problems created by Kates illness and Saras quest to keep Kate alive, the Fitzgeralds remain a family. Though Brian and Sara have their problems, they work together to keep the family together amidst the disruptive force of Kates illness. Even Jesse, the delinquent son, still lives at home and is there to help out when Kate is ill or Anna needs his support.In turn, Anna helps her brother get out of jail when he is arrested for stealing the judges vehicle. Anna also does all she can to help her sister. While the pair squabble as sisters do when the y share a room, Anna files the lawsuit to give Kate what she wants. All the siblings resent what has happened to them, but respond to the needs of the others in their family when the situation calls for it. After Annas unexpected death, the family grieves separately but eventually grows closer again.Like Kate and Anna, Julia and her twin sister, Izzy, are close. Julia allows her to move in after a painful breakup. Izzy wants to protect her from Campbell. While Campbells relationship with his parents is not close at all, it serves as an illuminating contrast to the Fitzgeralds and the Romanos.StylePoint of ViewEach chapter in the book is told from the first person point of view. All the main characters narrate a chapter. They even have their own fonts. Picoult could have made this Kates story since it is the central issue, but she allows the characters to share their own stories. Kate has one chapter, and it is the final one. The other characters have more than one chapter each. The reader can see the effects of Kates illness on the Fitzgerald family. Everyone in the family despairs about Kates illness and Annas lawsuit, but they have different perspectives. The reader sees Campbell and Julias thoughts on the lawsuit and also their feelings about each other. By viewing Annas thoughts, the reader can see she does not take her decision to sue her parents lightly and that she is pain and perceptive. Jesse seems like an unlikable person, but his thoughts and actions show his pain over Kates illness and his helplessness.The reader sees Saras desperation to heal Kate at all costs and the epiphany she has during the hearing. The author shows Brians conflict over supporting his children when the family is in a divisive crisis. Campbells tough-minded side as a lawyer and softer side with Julia are in his chapters. His growing friendship with Anna is shown. Because of the mystery of the guide dog, the reader wonders what Campbells medical problem is. Julia is able to see the Fitzgeralds objectively, so the reader gets an unbiased strangers view. After the intertwining of the characters viewpoints, the chapter from Kates point of view is surprising and enlightening. Up until her chapter, she was always a character seen by everyone else.SettingThe book is set in Providence, Rhode Island. The medical settings are Kates hospital room and Dr. Chances office, which are both determined in Providence hospital. Although Kate goes through tough times in her hospital room, Anna goes there to visit her sister despite the lawsuit. It is in Dr. Chances office that Sara gets the idea of having another child. His suggestions of how Anna can donate to Kate start there. The hospital is where Sara finds out about the lawsuit. The Fitzgerald house, which includes Jesses apartment, is another setting. It is in the house where Kates leukemia signs begin, and she has other medical problems there. The house is where family arguments such as between Kate and Sara take place. Brian finds materials around the apartment that make him realize Jesse is the arsonist. The homeless man, Duracell Dans, place at the underpass is where the rest of Jesses materials are kept.Campbell and Julias flashbacks are at the Wheeler School, which is a private high school in Rhode Island where they met. The class differences between Campbell and Julia and the other students reactions to their relationship occur at the school. Campbells apartment is part of the story because it is signalised as being modern and up-to-date but not warm like Campbell at first. Julia tells Campbell after they reconcile that she does not like his apartment. Julias apartment is where she and her sister talk about Campbell. Julia goes to a bar called Shakespeares Cat to try to escape Campbell.The fire station is a setting where Brian works, and he and Anna live to get away from the lawsuit at home. The fire station is a rescue place in different ways. Not only does it house the firefighters , but it also gives Brian an escape from the house and medical drama. On the rooftop, he can practice his astronomy hobby. Anna escapes there to get away from the pressures of her mother and the lawsuit.The courthouse is where the hearing is held. Campbells secret is revealed there, and the truth behind the lawsuit is also revealed there.Some settings serve as places that save the characters. The hospital obviously saves Kates life. The fire station saves Brian and Anna. The courthouse saves the Fitzgerald family and Campbell and Julias relationship.Language and MeaningAt the beginning of each section, the delivery of passages from noteworthy works refer to the books situations and themes. Annas first memory storys linguistic communication sets the tone for the rest of the book.The language in the main part of the book is simple, but medical scathe are used often. They are well explained. Sara, Kate, and Anna have as much medical knowledge about Kates condition as anyone else. S ara uses medical language to try to save Kate. Kate uses it, along with the language of a frustrated teenager, who is concerned about appearance and dating. Anna also mixes it with her own concerns about her life outside Kate. Legal language is used in the petition and in the hearing. The medical language helps Kate, but the legal language helps Anna. Sara analyzes words as she ponders situations. For example, she talks about how there is no word for a parent whose child dies. (703) Anna tries to figure out language, too. Brian and Anna use the language of astronomy and legends in an attempt to figure the world out. Brian uses his firefighter language to demonstrate situations.There is a combination of characters thoughts and dialogue. Because of his medical knowledge as a rescue worker, Brians thoughts let the reader know what is wrong with Campbell. Julias language with the Fitzgeralds is that of the mediator, which is part of her role as guardian ad litem even though she is not a s conciliatory toward Campbell. The characters thoughts allow the readers to understand them their dialogue does not sufficiently describe the characters. For example, Annas thoughts reveal her maturity beyond her 13 years. Jesse projects a tough-guy image to everyone with crude language, but his thoughts reveal his softer feelings about his family. Campbell is similar in that he acts like the tough lawyer, but his flashbacks to Julia and his present-day thoughts unveil his romantic side.Getting ready for the last day of the trial, Campbell, Brian, Jesse, Anna, and Sara note that it is raining at the beginnings of their chapters. These words quench the fires that have been uncivilized in the book.StructureThe chapters are not numbered. They are titled by the characters names. There is a prologue with a quote and then a short story by Anna. The sections are started by a day of the week and a passage. Saras chapters are flashbacks titled by years until her chapter called Present Day where she joins the present. She begins with Kates diagnosis and goes through the milestones of Kates illness. Campbell and Julias chapters are in the present, but they have flashbacks to their time together in high school. There is an epilogue by Kate set in a time in the future.The plot zigzags back and forth between the present and the past it depends on the speaker. The book chronicles the events of the Fitzgerald family out of order mainly after Kates diagnosis Annas birth Annas donations Anna, Kate, and Jesses childhoods and the hearing and its aftermath. Campbell and Julias professional and personal stories and sections of the past about their teen relationship are mixed in.Multiple Points of ViewOne striking feature of My Sisters Keeper is the way Picoult uses multiple first-person narrators to tell the story. A first-person point of view tells the story from one characters perspective in his or her own voice. Each section in the novel is made up of parts designated by the n ame of the character whose voice and perspective is being revealed. Picoult emphasizes the differences in these voices through the use of different fonts for different characters.The use of multiple voices allows readers the ability to understand the situations from different standpoints. The way Sara sees Kates cancer and Annas lawsuit is quite different from Annas viewpoint, Jesses position, and Campbells and Julias judgment. The result is a rounded, dramatic narrative.Flashback/flash-forwardSeveral characters use flashbacks and flash-forwards as part of their narratives. Flashbacks look back in time, while flash-forwards describe future events. The only major character in the book who does not get a voice in the main chapters is Kate. She speaks only in the prologue and epilogue, eight years after the novels end. In the prologue, she talks about how she imagined killing her sister and that she only existed i

Mistreatment Of Mentally Ill Patients Social Work Essay

Mistreatment Of Mentally Ill Patients Social Work EssayPeople suffering from mental tubercularness ar a great deal looked differently and do not have equal access to all the opportunities in life. Though, forbearings family and the wellness care providers can play a fundamental function in the lives of these mentally ill people. Through offering a proficient care with warmth spatial relation they can certainly bring an optimistic miscellany in them. But, imagine what if these caregivers are the reason of mistreatment with mental patients? This is an ethical issue which I recently came across during my clinicals and therefore decided to explore it in depth. Thus, the succeeding(a) paper is an attempt to analyze this issue by integrating an ethical model, highlight its significance and to discuss the causes, effects on mental health and hardheaded strategies to overcome this immoral issue of mistreatment with mental patients.On my clinical to psychiatric ward civil hospital I encountered a 60 years archaic female, married and diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The chief complaints of patient were severe headache and aggressive behavior. Since 20 years patient had history of recurrent depressive illness characterized by weeping spells and low energy. On asking about the support governing body patient became gloomy and said I am alone and nobody likes to be with me and care for me. Further she said that due to her habit of cleaning things again and again her family change states angry and speaks harshly to her. On spending some time with patient I came to know that how much she loved them but nobody came to meet her since she had got admitted. After taking history of patient that day I as well find that when my patient called the nurse to inquire about the medication timings, nurse replied rudely that how many times you will ask the same thing again and again. You are mentally ill but please let us remain in good health and then tha t staff nurse after do vicious gesture got out of that ward. This incident made patient further depressed. It is an issue which is ethically wrong, as caregivers who should help the patient when they are in unbowed need are abusing them. As the professional code of ethics explains the significance of this ethical issue, which is the base of companionable morality that first of all, do no harm. It in addition emphasizes that the purpose of nonmaleficence includes not only definite harm but also the risk of harm (Clinical Ethics, 2004). Therefore, an ethical soulfulness must be constantly too-careful about the possible negative consequences of his words and actions with the mental patients. Furthermore, according to the world health organization, In Pakistan we come across upsetting stories about the mistreatment of mentally ill people due to societal hostilities free-and-easy (Gadit, 2008). Though, it is difficult to understand why much(prenominal) people are maltreated in Pa kistan, an Islamic country where ghostlike teachings are followed. Therefore, to discover the reasons behind this immoral deed, to identify actions to lessen this in society and also to make the caregivers inculcate this thought to support these people in their difficult times, I consider this issue as significant and therefore decided to highlight it in my paper.As defined by SAVE stomach of social work that mistreatment is a breach of persons gay and civil rights causing despair. And, this violation can appear once or constantly (SAVE Project, 1995). Mistreatment of elderly person may include physical, psychological or financial exploitation and it can be intended or unintended. Intentional mistreatment involves a purposeful effort to chitchat harm much(prenominal) as physical evil or mauling. On the other hand, unintentional abuse takes place when an unplanned action results in damage, such as ignorance or a lack of desire of the care providers to offer proper care (Jones, Holestege, Holstege, 1997). As verbalized by my client that at photographic plate she was beaten harshly and was always ignored by the caregivers. Moreover, nurse also verbally mistreated the patient and showed lack of desire to care. However, the empirically generated model, which is an ethical model, provided by Fulmer Malley (1987) gives in depth details of causes and risk factors tingeing to mistreatment in mental patients. They divided the causal factors of mistreatment into four major categories including physical and mental impairment of the patients, change magnitude strain on caregivers, family history of domestic violence and the societal attitudes. This model elucidates that domestic violence such as abuse and neglect are the behaviors which are learned at home and are passed from one generation to the next. Thus, elder abuse may be a continual phenomenon learned in childhood. Secondly, the emphasise on caregivers can also lead to mistreatment. Facing behaviors by t he elderly mental persons like drug abuse, recurrent falls, incontinence or aggressive behaviors, the caregivers become exhausted and can lash out their resentment on these innocent beings. As happened with my client that due to her habit of cleaning things repeatedly, caregivers always offended and taunted her. new(prenominal) external stressors such as loss of job, personal illness or low income can also place overwhelming demands on care providers which results in violent behaviors. Furthermore, this model suggests that the ill health of elderly persons in it self is a reason for abuse. Functional impairments lead to dependency on a caregiver for the activities of daily living. As these of necessity raises, the stress level of caregivers further increases. As faced by my patient, who was always reliant upon her family and husband for daily routine work. This created frustration for the family and at last they left her at psychiatric hospital. Lastly, there are several societal a ttitudes that contribute to mental persons maltreatment. Among these attitudes, Stigma is the most common in psychiatric settings. There are many reports affirming that such patients are teased in communities by unkind names (Gadit, 2008). Moreover, according to the World Health Report (2001), stigma and prejudice are the main hindrance faced by the mentally ill today, these abstain them from seeking appropriate care (Rameela, 2004). Besides this, patients are also mistreated in the ward settings by the staffs, as occurred with my client. This is because, persons in institutional care are dependant, extremely fragile or chronically ill. In addition, problems such as low salaries, staff shortages and poor working environment increase the chances of mistreatment. (Lucas Stevenson, 2006).As the fundamental duty of all care providers is to perform efforts to improve the persona of life of patients. However, if these caregivers would show such an abusive behavior to the mental patient s this will affect their psychological as well as physiological health. As shown in my client who along with psychological symptoms also suffered from insomnia and decreased appetite due to worries of being alone. Besides, as mentioned in literature that, negative behaviors and biases towards those having mental illness is the greatest hurdle to recovery (Chambers et al., 2010). Like, it was observed in my patient who lost all the hopes of being in normal condition as before. This was shown in her verbal comments that everyone thinks that I am mad and therefore behaves with me in harsh manner and I am sure I will never be fine again. This shows that how beta role the caregivers and their attitude play in the development of mental patients. As very rightly said that Support has been known to help influence and cue a behavior change in a positive way (Clark et al., 2005, p.20). Thus, if there would be lack of support system for these people it would lower their self esteem, intrinsi c motivation and leads to decrease self concept (Lowder, 2007). If these mentally un well people are discriminated, this would hinder their ability to assimilate into society and this can lead to social isolation. Also, according to labeling theory, that once public label these people as mentally ill, their presence becomes undesirable in community hence leading them to social seclusion (Lowder, 2007). As happened with my client that when she asked her husband once to meet their relatives, he had beaten her scarcely with wooden stick just because he felt discredited to take her in family gatherings. This affected her personality immensely and from that onwards she herself remained lonely and isolated. By reflecting upon this we can imagine that how a single dishonest action or altitude of caregivers can massively effect patients life. In addition, the interpersonal model of violence in mental health by Chappell and De Martino (2003) also agrees to the point that if patients needs a nd wishes are blocked till great extent, it would intensely affect patients mental health hence leading to disturbing effects such as futile adherence to treatment schedule and destruction of self (See appendices). Like, my patient tried several times to commit suicide in order to decrease her devastation and suppress her aggression towards others. This show that it is very significant for caregivers to strengthen the mental health of these people rather than making them more vulnerable to harmful health consequences as conferred above.After thorough literature search I found out some practical interventions to promote the ways of reducing mistreatment with mental patients. It would be on individual, family, community and political sympathies level. At individual level, patients should be granted liberty to take decisions regarding their life and should not be tortured or harmed. This is back up by Human Rights Act (1998) that states no one shall be subjected to torture or to in human or degrading treatment or punishment (Clinical ethics, 2004, p.24). In addition, the stair case model illuminates intervention strategies concerning abuse prevention in 3 steps which are reluctance, recognition and rebuilding. This includes interventions such as breaking through and through denial, decreasing social loneliness, sorrow and self blame, providing teaching and advocacy (Loughlin Duggan, 1998). Health care professionals can fuse these interventions in their care framework. I also act to apply this model in my patients care. I tried to make my client verbalize her feelings by providing her concrete objects like blank paper and colors. This helped her in verbalizing her midland feelings which were not shared with others since long time. Moreover, throughout my clinical weeks I remained engaged in care through non judgmental speech and body language. As support by literature that your speech and nature should convey respect and a non-judgmental attitude (Loughlin Duggan,1998). To lessen social isolation, I affect my client in crowd occupational therapy and also focused on her hobbies that were, drawing and coloring the religious names. In this way I was able to socialize her to some extent. As support by literature that, Support groups provide a channel for people with OCD to get emotional support while learning how to manage their condition. Also, this helps victims to lessen the barriers that the memories of abuse place in the way of normal life (Davis, 2008 Child abuse, CPS facts). In addition, abuse creates sense of hopelessness and low self esteem in patients as discussed earlier therefore caregivers should be taught to encourage and praise clients on their little efforts to boost their self concept.On family level, a good communication and affaire in patient care can be a best defense against mistreatment. Moreover, providing psycho education can also enable family members to remain involved in the care. As, the stress level of car egivers can also be reduced by providing tips of care giving to them and involving in family therapy (Davis, 2008). At community level, social and health workers including community leaders should have responsibility for identifying cases of mistreatment and then organizing interventions to lessen the risk of any future abuse (Loughlin Duggan, 1998). Moreover, I recommend that the psychological counseling services as well as social gathering area for mental patients should be established in the community, where these people can socialize themselves. On government level, various laws and punishments for the abusers and extensive awareness campaigns on care and destigmatization of mental illness should be arranged (Raj, 2009). Besides, government should also set up monitoring system to ensure that human rights are being followed in all psychiatric facilities (Gadit, 2008). Lastly, I recommend that with the help of mass media cases of abuse with mental patients should be report so tha t the strategies should be planned on local and national level to minimize the risk of any future abuse.It was a good learning regard for me to write a scholarly paper. I have learnt the importance of promoting mental health without abusive and negative attitude. Moreover, faculty facilitation and literature review helped me to learn and integrate all concepts related to the issue which will help me in my future clinical settings.In conclusion, the above provided evidences are overwhelming that the mistreatment with mental patients is the disobedience of human rights as strongly proved by human rights declaration that All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. (UDHR, 2006, p.2). In addition, the paper also discussed the causes and consequences of this immoral issue of mistreatment with mental patients. Now, its the duty of caregivers to adhere to the strategies provided above, in order to offer a competent care with encouraging attitude and bring a positive cha nge in the lives of these people.

The Death Penalty: A Just Method of Punishment Essay examples -- Capit

Ever since the dawn of mans search for justice, the death penalty, has been a consequence for particularly heinous crimes. Over the historic period society has debated whether the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment. People who oppose of the death penalty cipher supporters as gun-slinging rednecks who live in the backwoods of America. Likewise, supporters view those who oppose the death penalty as uptight suits who live in mansions and believes that every person, no matter their crime, deserves to live. Those who oppose the death penalty argue that brio in prison is a preferable solution to the death penalty. The supporters of the death penalty argue that Hammurabis code, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a life-time for a life, is an accurate mantra for the death penalty. The death penalty has a long debatable history, but it is a justifiable and fitting punishment for crimes that require much than a slap on the wrist and probation.The death penalty has been a f orm of punishment since the beginning of time. The first death penalty laws are go out back as far as the Eighteenth Century B.C. These laws were put forth in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon (decease Penalty Information Center, n.d.). Then nearly Tenth Century A.D. hanging became the new and usual method of execution (Death Penalty Information Center, n.d.). Today the chosen methods of execution are deadly gibe, electrocution, lethal gas, hanging, and firing squad (Amnesty International, n.d.). According to Amnesty International USA, thirty-five of the states that have a death penalty use lethal injection as a form of execution (Amnesty International, n.d.). Also, according to Amnesty International USA, nine states use electrocution, six states use lethal ga... ... Center. National statistics on the death penalty and race. (n.d.) Retrieved from http//www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/race-death-row-inmates-executed-1976.Death Penalty Information Center. Part I history of the death penalty. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/part-i-history-death-penalty.Newport, F. (2007, October 7). Sixty-nine percent of americans support death penalty. Retrieved from http//www.gallup.com.Harrison, K., and Melville, C. (2007). The death penalty by lethal injection and hill v McDonough is the USA starting to see sense? Journal of Criminal Law, 167-180. Retrieved from http//heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jcriml71&div=41&g_sent=1&collection=journals.ProCon.org. Top 10 pros and cons should the death penalty be allowed?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//deathpenalty.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=0020003

Characters of the Crucible in Relation to Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Re

Lawrence Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist, identified sise developmental stages of human moral reasoning. The first stage that he recognized was the Punishment-Obedience Orientation, where the persons absorb is for avoiding punishment through obedience. The second stage was the Instrumental Relativist Orientation, where the persons concern is to work in their egotism interest, and better their position. The third stage of moral development was the Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation, where the persons concern lies with their reputation. Next was the Law And Order Orientation, where the person was less(prenominal) concerned with their own immediate well being to the maintenance of a larger society. The fifth stage was the Social Contract Orientation, where the persons concern was for social unity, and the last stage was the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation, where the persons concern is only for moral principals. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller portrays all six stages through his characters.In the first stage rests Mary Warren. She is not a character with strong conviction, and in the course of the play, she changes sides to whichever will keep her safe from deadening at the time. During the first act of the play, we come to understand that she had been one of the girls dancing in the forest with Abigail and Tituba. She saw that the girls were being cornered, and felt that they should confess before it got come forward of hand, but was silenced after being threatened by Mercy Lewis and Abigail Williams. When Elizabeth Proctor was arrested, John Proctor employed his power as her boss and as a stronger human to coerce her to go with him to the court and expose the girls as frauds. Because hes stronger than she, she agrees. When they g... ...uld not alter his ways to please the public. By the end, however, not only did he not care about his reputation, but so intensely focused on higher ethics was he that he gave his demeanor to maintain his sense of goodness. Elizabeth also starts out less moral than she ends, she is cold and unforgiving towards Proctor and though her circumstance may be deserving of pity, she does not elicit much sympathy from the audience because of her frost. However, by the end of the play, she sees her faults and repents, and also forgives Proctor, and she understands what others in the final act cannot, she understands why Proctors expose means more to him than his life.All of the stages of moral development are presented in The Crucible, related to a character by their actions and motives. This is a way to categorize the characters without thither being any overlap or gray areas.